This paper studies the incidence of tax-transfer policy in a growth model wherein individuals differ according to their level of intergenerational altruism and have an endogenous labor supply. The main result is that public debt is neutral at the macro level but redistributes resources from nonaltruists to altruists. Capital income taxation can hurt the nonaltruists who do not have any wealth more than it hurts the altruists who own all of it. Whether or not the altruists supply a positive amount of labor makes a big difference as to the incidence of alternative tax transfer policies.
Reasons for performing study
Normal radiographic anatomy of the juvenile donkey foot has not been reported previously.
Objectives
To provide a radiographic survey of the anatomical development of the donkey foot from 0 to 2 years of age.
Study design
Radiographic survey.
Methods
The right front foot of 9 donkey foals born in the spring of 2012, housed and fed in the same conditions, were radiographed every month for the first 6 months of age and every 3 months for the following 18 months. Latero‐medial radiographs with and without barium markers at the coronary band and anterior‐posterior radiographs of both front feet were obtained during weightbearing. Radiographs were obtained at 55 kV and 3 mAs with mobile x‐ray equipment (Gierth RHF 200 ML, Examion DR810).
Results
The distal physis of the metacarpus (McIII) was closed at the mean age of 17.8 months (SD: 11.5, 21). The proximal physis of the proximal phalanx was closed at the mean age of 15.5 months (SD: 11.5, 21). The distal physis appeared as a clear radiolucent line at 2 weeks of age and was still visible subtly at 24 months. The proximal physis of the middle phalanx was closed at the mean age of 10.7 months (SD: 11.5, 19). The distal physis was visible at birth but closed at 4 days.
Conclusions
Based on our results, it seems that physes close at an older age in the donkey foal than in the horse.
Ethical animal research: The study was approved by the Ethics committee of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium. (VUB/14‐272‐2). Owners gave informed consent for their horses' inclusion in the study. Source of funding: The authors acknowledge Vtrade Belgium for the logistic assistance. Competing interests: None declared.
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