Between April 1988 and May 1989, 400 males and 400 females attending a Baltimore, Maryland, sexually transmitted disease clinic were enrolled in a study evaluating and comparing behaviors associated with culture-proven gonococcal or chlamydial infection. The subjects were enrolled consecutively, and were all seen by the same clinician. Among participants of each sex, gonorrhea but not chlamydia was associated with increasing numbers of recent (the past 30 days) sexual partners. Compared with males with neither infection, factors independently associated with increased risk of gonorrhea included age less than 20 years (odds ratio (OR) = 1.93), the presence of genitourinary symptoms (OR = 8.07), and recent exposure to a new sexual partner (OR = 2.78); risk for chlamydial infection in males was associated with genitourinary symptoms (OR = 2.83) and was significantly reduced in those reporting multiple recent (OR = 0.19) or new (OR = 0.07) sexual partners. Among females, age less than 20 years was independently associated with gonococcal (OR = 1.86) and chlamydial (OR = 7.79) infections in comparison with females with neither infection. No other behavioral factors were associated with chlamydial infection for females in this study; however, having a regular sexual partner was associated with significantly elevated risk of gonorrhea (OR = 3.85), while the presence of genital tract symptoms was associated with diminished risk (OR = 0.29) for gonorrhea. These data suggest that there are differences in the behaviors associated with gonorrheal and chlamydial infections and that different strategies may be useful in efforts to control these infections.
Abstract-Wireless technology has the great merit to allow users' mobility. However, this may affect the functioning of all the applications and traditional protocols, worsening the already known problems with wireless connections and requiring the design and evaluation of novel solutions. Scenarios involving high mobility can be very complex; think, for instance, to a realistic case involving several nodes, representing people and cars moving under the coverage of several base stations. Since the geographical width and the number of involved nodes in such a scenario, simulations represent a fundamental tool to analyze the state of the art and newly proposed solutions. Unfortunately, modeling mobility with the most popular network simulator in the scientific community (i.e., NS-2) is not an easy task as its handoff mechanism appears faulty when coupled with a realistic model for wireless transmissions. In this paper, we discuss this problem and propose a new simulation module for Mobile IP able to guarantee smooth handoffs even with realistic simulation set-ups.
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