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studies have focused on programming desired 3D structures of soft materials such as shape-memory polymers [2,3] and gels [4][5][6][7] by introducing spatial variations in thermal expansion/contraction, swelling, or molecular order. [8] A particularly useful class of materials to achieve dynamic 2D to 3D shape transformations are liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), where the coupling between the orientational ordering of polymerized mesogens and the conformation of a polymer backbone can be leveraged for large, anisotropic deformations that are dictated by the director field. [9,10] Using oriented surface alignment layers [11] or microchannels, [12] director orientation can be patterned with a resolution approaching 10 µm. [13] A subsequent reduction of nematic ordering, usually driven by heating, leads to local contraction along the director and expansion along the transverse directions, driving out-of-plane buckling into 3D shapes that are "blueprinted" by the pattern of director orientation. However, while geometric methods allow for the deduction of the necessary inplane director orientation field to generate a desired profile of Gaussian curvature, [14][15][16][17] there are a number of practical drawbacks to this approach. First, prescription of complex director fields requires significant processing, making high-throughput fabrication, and evaluation of designs challenging. Additionally, the surface alignment methods needed to specify director orientation with high spatial resolution are only amenable to certain chemistries due to the need for high mesogen content, and thus cannot be widely generalized to all LCE systems. For example, while classical LCE systems based on siloxanes, [18,19] as well as recently developed systems that rely on simple and efficient "click" chemistries, [20] offer attractive thermal and mechanical properties for shape-morphing systems, they typically only allow for alignment of the director field with coarse spatial resolution such as through application of shear stress [21][22][23] or magnetic fields. [24] To circumvent the need for a spatially varying director orientation, where the direction of deformation varies but the magnitude is constant, a potential alternative method to drive shape changes is to instead locally prescribe the magnitude of deformation within an otherwise homogeneous director field. While spatial variations in the extent of deformation have been widely employed for shape Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are an attractive platform for dynamic shape-morphing due to their ability to rapidly undergo large deformations. While recent work has focused on patterning the director orientation field to achieve desired target shapes, this strategy cannot be generalized to material systems where high-resolution surface alignment is impractical. Instead of programming the local orientation of anisotropic deformation, an alternative strategy for prescribed shape-morphing by programming the magnitude of stretch ratio in a thin LCE sheet with constant director orientation is...

The transcripts of three putative ammonia (NH 3 /NH 4 + ) transporters, Rhesus-like glycoproteins AeRh50-1, AeRh50-2 and Amt/Mep-like AeAmt1 were detected in the anal papillae of larval Aedes aegypti. Quantitative PCR studies revealed 12-fold higher transcript levels of AeAmt1 in anal papillae relative to AeRh50-1, and levels of AeRh50-2 were even lower. Immunoblotting revealed AeAmt1 in anal papillae as a pre-protein with putative monomeric and trimeric forms. AeAmt1 was immunolocalized to the basal side of the anal papillae epithelium where it co-localized with Na +

Teleost fishes are a large and diverse animal group that represent close to 50% of all described vertebrate species. This review consolidates what is known about the claudin (Cldn) family of tight junction (TJ) proteins in teleosts. Cldns are transmembrane proteins of the vertebrate epithelial/endothelial TJ complex that largely determine TJ permeability. Cldns achieve this by expressing barrier or pore forming properties and by exhibiting distinct tissue distribution patterns. So far, ~63 genes encoding for Cldn TJ proteins have been reported in 16 teleost species. Collectively, cldns (or Cldns) are found in a broad array of teleost fish tissues, but select genes exhibit restricted expression patterns. Evidence to date strongly supports the view that Cldns play a vital role in the embryonic development of teleost fishes and in the physiology of tissues and organ systems studied thus far.

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