Differing parental considerations for girls and boys in households are a primary cause of the gender gap in school enrolment and educational attainment in developing countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. While a number of studies have focused on the inequality of educational opportunities in South Asia, little is known about Bhutan. This study uses recent household expenditure data from the Bhutan Living Standard Survey to evaluate the gender gap in the allocation of resources for schooling. The findings, based on cross-sectional as well as household fixed-effect approaches, suggest that girls are less likely to enrol in school but are not allocated fewer resources once they are enrolled.
Introduction: World Health Organization recommends using the Ten-group Robson classification as a standard for assessing and reducing caesarean section (CS) rates. Our study aimed at analyzing CS deliveries using this system with the primary objective of examining the driving factors of increased risk for caesarean delivery.
Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted in Mongar Regional Referral Hospital from 1st January 2016 to 31st December, 2018 recruiting all institutional deliveries and classifying each of them into 10 groups of Robson classification system based on six obstetric variables.
Results: There were 2337 deliveries, of which 804 were CS, contributing to a rate of 34.4%. More than three fourth (78.9%) of caesarean deliveries occurred in Groups 5, 4, 2 and 1. Previous CS was the highest contributor of CS rate and the most common indication.
Conclusion: Higher CS rate has been observed in our referral hospital, contributed largely by women with previous CS, induced labour and pre-labour CS. There is a need for implementation of Robson classification system in all tertiary hospitals.
Intimate partner violence is highly prevalent in Asian region. It is largely committed by male against their female intimate partner. This is often associated with the region’s unique social and cultural norms which subordinate women throughout their lives. IPV is an ongoing concern in Bhutan. The country’s age-old traditions and customs are closely related to culture of silence among women experiencing IPV. This study examined women’s responses to intimate partner violence (IPV) in Bhutan. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore sensitising concepts such as how and when women recognised IPV and how they responded to it. Fifteen women who had sought supportive services at the institution `RENEW’ (Respect, Educate, Nurture, Empower Women) as a result of IPV participated in the interview. The Trans-theoretical model of behaviour change (TTM) was used as a theoretical framework to understand women’s cognitive, affective and behavioural change processes. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Thematic analysis was used to identify the patterns of women’s responses. From the analysis, women’s experiences of IPV and their responses were located within the four stages of change, including contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance. Women used nine traditional processes of change among which consciousness raising and helping relationships were critical and appeared across all four stages of change. This study provides important insights of Bhutanese women’s cognitive and behavioural responses to IPV. The appearance of consciousness raising and helping relationships across all the stages of change represents a potential opportunity for intervention to initiate and promote changes in women’s response to IPV in the early stages.
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