Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for simultaneous detection of Lawsonia intracellularis, Serpulina hyodysenteriae and Salmonella species in porcine intestinal specimens. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 9, 281-286 FELLSTROM, C. & GUNNARSSON, A. (1995) Phenotypical characterisation of intestinal spirochaetes isolated from pigs. Research in Veterinary Science 59,
The history, clinical signs and pathological findings in seven adult horses with histologically confirmed idiopathic granulomatous disease, primarily of the lungs, are reviewed. They ranged in age from eight to 21 years, five were geldings and two were females, they belonged to five breeds and there were no seasonal or geographical associations. The primary clinical signs were chronic weight loss, exercise intolerance and respiratory distress which did not respond to conventional treatment. The most consistent physical findings were depression, anorexia, tachycardia, tachypnoea and adventitious lung sounds. Thoracic radiographs revealed a diffuse, structured, nodular, interstitial pulmonary pattern in each horse. Haematological measurements suggested a chronic inflammatory process and the cytology of transtracheal washes was consistent with a mild suppurative inflammation. Idiopathic granulomatous pneumonia was confirmed histologically in each of the horses, either postmortem or by a lung biopsy. The horses responded poorly to medical treatment and only one of three treated horses is still alive.
A 9-year-old intact male miniature donkey (135 kg) was referred to the University of California at Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital's Large Animal Emergency Service for evaluation of colic of approximately 24 hours' duration. The donkey was housed alone in an irrigated pasture adjacent to mature oleander hedge. The referring veterinarian had administered flunixin meglumine intramuscularly and mineral oil per nasogastric tube approximately 12 hours before admission.On physical examination, the donkey was obese (body condition score 8/9), moderately dehydrated, and severely depressed. Rectal temperature and respiratory rate were within normal limits. Significant abnormalities were confined to the cardiovascular system and included an irregular tachyarrhythmia (120 beats/min; reference range, 36-68 beats/min), poor peripheral pulse quality, cool extremities, congested mucous membranes, and a prolonged capillary refill time. A heart murmur was not ausculted. Electrocardiography was not performed until the following day. Auscultation and ultrasound examination of the gastrointestinal system revealed hypomotility as the only abnormality. Abdominal radiographs were unremarkable and abdominocentesis yielded a small quantity of modified transudate. Approximately 50 mL of oily green liquid was recovered via nasogastric intubation and subsequently submitted for analysis for oleandrin, digitoxin, gitoxin, grayanotoxin I, and grayanotoxin II.Hematologic and serum biochemical abnormalities included polycythemia (packed cell volume 57%; reference range, 25-38%), azotemia (blood urea nitrogen 45 mg/dL; reference range, 7-27 mg/dL; creatinine 6.5 mg/dL; reference range, 0.6-1.5 mg/dL), elevated creatine kinase (5,310 U/L; reference range, 11-103 U/L), serum alkaline phosphatase (501 U/L; reference range 132-414 U/L), and aspartate aminotransferase (1,098 U/L; reference range 210-526 U/L) activities. Urine was not obtained on initial examination.A tentative diagnosis of oleander (Nerium oleander) toxicosis was made based on the historical proximity of oleander to the donkey's pasture and clinical signs at presentation. However, primary cardiac and gastrointestinal diseases were not ruled out. Supportive care initially consisted of fluid therapy and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug for historical colic (flunixin meglumine, a 0.25mg/kg IV once). After gastric lavage with 10 L warm saline, 4 ounces of activated charcoal was administered, and feed and water were withheld. Fluids (0.9% NaCl with 2.5% dextrose, supplemented with calcium gluconate and potassium chloride) were administered intravenously as a constant rate infusion (3mL/kg/hr) to correct dehydration, promote diuresis, stimulate gastrointestinal motility, and maintain a normal serum glucose concentration because the patient was considered at high risk for development of hyperlipemia. Serum glucose and electrolyte concentrations were monitored every 4 hours, and IV fluid composition was altered accordingly. Persistent problems on day 2 included tachyarrhythmi...
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