Clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV) is capable of causing severe damage to common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production worldwide. The snap bean market class is particularly vulnerable because infection may lead to distortion and necrosis of the fresh green pods and rejection of the harvest. Three putatively independent recessive genes (cyv, desc, bc-3) have been reported to condition resistance to ClYVV; however, their allelic relationships have not been resolved. We identified, evaluated, and characterized the phenotypic and molecular genetic variation present in 21 informative common bean genotypes for resistance to ClYVV. Allelism testing phenotypes from multiple populations provided clear evidence that the three genes were a series of recessive alleles at the Bc-3 locus that condition unique potyvirus strain- and species-specific resistance spectra. Candidate gene analysis revealed complete association between the recessive resistance alleles and unique patterns of predicted amino acid substitutions in P. vulgaris eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (PveIF4E). This led to the discovery and characterization of two novel PveIF4E alleles associated with resistance to ClYVV, PveIF4E (3) , and PveIF4E (4) . We developed KASPar allele-specific SNP genotyping assays and demonstrated their ability to accurately detect and differentiate all of the PveIF4E haplotypes present in the germplasm, allelism testing, and in three separate segregating populations. The results contribute to an enhanced understanding and accessibility of the important potyvirus resistance conditioned by recessive alleles at Bc-3. The KASPar assays should be useful to further enable germplasm exploration, allelic discrimination, and marker-assisted introgression of bc-3 alleles in common bean.
Ten fresh cabbage genotypes (Brassica oleracea var capitata) representing fresh-market, processing, and storage types were evaluated for total phenols, antioxidant capacity, and flavonoids at the 3-wk juvenile stage, at which time plants are uniform in size when grown under identical soil and environmental conditions. The genotypes studied, 'Bobcat', 'Fresco', 'Little Rock', 'Marvelon', 'Rinda', 'Ramada', 'Transam', 'Genesee', 'Huron,' and 'Octoking', showed significant variations in concentration of phenolic phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity. Total phenols ranged from 110.2 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g in 'Genesee' to 153.3 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g in 'Bobcat'. Total antioxidant capacity varied from 108.4 to 176.1 mg vitamin C equivalents/100 g, and flavonoids from nondetectable to 2.61 mg quercetin/100 g and from 1.30 to 7.03 mg kaempferol/100 g. Apigenin, luteolin, and myricetin were not detected. Five nutritional soil supplements from agricultural and food processing sources (quercetin flavonoid complex, commercial vegetable juice, crushed onion, crushed garlic, and green tea) were added to the cabbage genotype 'Rinda' once a week for 3 wk to assess their efficacy in increasing phenolic concentrations in cabbage leaves. Addition of the supplements generally resulted in increased levels of total phenols (97% with commercial vegetable juice), antioxidant capacity (41% with crushed onion), and quercetin plus kaempferol (110% with commercial vegetable juice) in the juvenile 'Rinda' plants with no significant increase with the addition of green tea. Nutritional soil supplements could provide enhanced levels of bioactive phenolic compounds as antioxidants in cabbage and therefore to consumers.
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