In this paper, the evolution of mobile radio network is presented. First of all, the network life cycle is considered. A mathematical modeling of these life periods is developed inside an optimization problem: optimal location of base stations. It is a combinatorial optimization problem. A multi-period model is built on a Concentrator Link approach. Finally, three different multi-period techniques are identified, they are based on Genetic Algorithm (GA) to tackle this problem on the design of micro-cellular networks.
This paper considers the design problem for cellular network. Design consists in determining locations and parameters of radio transmitters so-called base stations. Cellular networks are deployed on large geographical area. A description of different discrete sets of test points is given on this working area, then a concentrator location approach is defined. The sets of test points have to be optimally attached to base stations in order to supply the best quality of service. The design model deals with specific engineering constraints of cellular systems. At the end, the full design model defines a classical concentrator link approach on a multicriteria basis.
With 3GPP Release-17, global 5G standards now support non-terrestrial mobile networks comprising radio access network, terminals, and core network. This enables multi-vendor interoperability as well as interoperability with 3GPP-compliant 5G systems. This paper describes the key features enabling the NG-RAN architecture defined for 5G to support non-terrestrial networks. Starting from a general overview of NG-RAN and of the new paradigms of NTN, we introduce the NTN functionality in NG-RAN specifications with respect to feeder link switchover, cell handling, terminal registration, and OAM aspects. We also discuss different scenarios combining satellite access with 3GPP-defined core networks. We also describe some further enhancements expected to be seen in the next 3GPP release (Rel-18). We believe current and upcoming 3GPP work for NTN represents a solid basis on which 5G satellite networks can be built in the upcoming future. | INTRODUCTIONThe journey of mobile satellite systems started decades ago with a number of GEO and LEO systems based on proprietary architectures and access technologies (protocols stack and radio layers), while addressing specific users in a fragmented way. Thanks to the latest developments of the terrestrial 5G ecosystem addressing not only consumer but also professional users and the global reach of 3GPP standards, there has been a renewed and increased interest in the possibility to have a tighter cooperation and integration between satellite and terrestrial mobile networks, which are complementary in terms of coverage and resiliency.In this perspective, 3GPP initiated a first study covering architecture aspects during Rel-16 (July 2018 to December 2019), 1 and it paved the way for the specification of Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) covering satellite and High-Altitude Platform based access networks. Rel-17 (January 2018 to March 2022) is then the first 3GPP release that defines the features for NG-RAN to support NTN.Thanks to the joint effort of mobile and satellite industry stakeholders, NTN is now part of the 3GPP ecosystem. This enables multi-vendor interoperability in general, paving the way for a global market. The 3GPP defined Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) architecture supporting NTN provides a solid basis for future satellite access networks as it enables the same set of features (such as architecture framework, system procedures, network virtualization, and user radio technologies) as terrestrial 5G and will benefit from enhancements provided by successive 3GPP releases.
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