The lithospheric structures beneath the Pyrenees, which holds the key to settle long-standing controversies regarding the opening of the Bay of Biscay and the formation of the Pyrenees, are still poorly known. The temporary PYROPE and IBERARRAY experiments have recently filled a strong deficit of seismological stations in this part of western Europe, offering a new and unique opportunity to image crustal and mantle structures with unprecedented resolution. Here we report the results of the first tomographic study of the Pyrenees relying on this rich data set. The important aspects of our tomographic study are the precision of both absolute and relative traveltime measurements obtained by a nonlinear simulated annealing waveform fit and the detailed crustal model that has been constructed to compute accurate crustal corrections. Beneath the Massif Central, the most prominent feature is a widespread slow anomaly that reflects a strong thermal anomaly resulting from the thinning of the lithosphere and upwelling of the asthenosphere. Our tomographic images clearly exclude scenarios involving subduction of oceanic lithosphere beneath the Pyrenees. In contrast, they reveal the segmentation of lithospheric structures, mainly by two major lithospheric faults, the Toulouse fault in the central Pyrenees and the Pamplona fault in the western Pyrenees. These inherited Hercynian faults were reactivated during the Cretaceous rifting of the Aquitaine and Iberian margins and during the Cenozoic Alpine convergence. Therefore, the Pyrenees can be seen as resulting from the tectonic inversion of a segmented continental rift that was buried by subduction beneath the European plate.

A mixed-design pilot study was undertaken to examine the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effects of an educational intervention based on the theory of human caring delivered to hemodialysis (HD) nurses in Switzerland. Participants were 9 nurses and 22 patients undergoing HD. Results showed that the proposed intervention had a high level of feasibility and acceptability. Following the intervention, participating nurses consolidated their caring attitudes/ behaviours toward patients undergoing HD. The patients, for their part, perceived significant changes in the nurses' caring attitudes/behaviours following the intervention. Further research is needed to examine its effects on a larger population of nurses and patients.

To live as an adolescent with HIV involves subtle dimensions that need to be recognized and legitimized by professionals who follow the trajectory of these young individuals. It is necessary to allow a space in which the adolescents can reflect and find support regarding issues related to the construction of their sexuality and care of one's own body.

A mixed-design pilot study was undertaken to examine the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effects of an educational intervention based on the theory of human caring delivered to hemodialysis (HD) nurses in Switzerland. Participants were 9 nurses and 22 patients undergoing HD. Results showed that the proposed intervention had a high level of feasibility and acceptability. Following the intervention, participating nurses consolidated their caring attitudes/ behaviours toward patients undergoing HD. The patients, for their part, perceived significant changes in the nurses' caring attitudes/behaviours following the intervention. Further research is needed to examine its effects on a larger population of nurses and patients.

Background: Dialysis patients experience multiple symptoms impairing their quality of life. A relationship seems to exist between the cultural context and the burden of symptoms. In this study, the prevalence and severity of 30 symptoms and their relationship with quality of life among hemodialysis patients in Switzerland is explored. Methods: A cross-sectional correlation design was used with a convenience sample of 119 patients from five dialysis units. Presence and severity of symptoms were assessed with the Dialysis Symptom Index and quality of life with the WHOQOL-Bref questionnaire. Multivariate linear regressions were used to examine the relationship between the prevalence and severity of symptoms, respectively, and quality of life. T-tests and Fisher's tests were used for the international comparisons. Results: On average, patients reported 10 symptoms and often rated these as "somewhat bothersome". The most frequent were: lack of energy, dry skin, trouble falling asleep, trouble staying asleep, and muscle cramps. Average symptoms prevalence and severity levels were both observed to decrease patients' quality of life, items related to physical health and psychological state having the greatest impact. Prevalence and severity of psychological symptoms and prevalence of sex-related symptoms seem to be influenced by patients' cultural context. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that patients on chronic hemodialysis present several symptoms that affect their quality of life. Healthcare professionals should develop strategies to identify more properly these symptoms, especially sex-related and psychological symptoms.

Objective:Explore the meanings attributed by young individuals about "living as an adolescent with HIV" in a group of patients that acquired the infection at birth and the elements involved with the adherence to antiretroviral treatment.Methods:Qualitative study, involving 20 subjects (aged 13-20 years), followed at services specialized in the treatment of pediatric AIDS in São Paulo, Brazil. Semi-structured interviews were carried out of which script consisted of questions about their personal histories, experiences and difficulties they must face while living with HIV/AIDS.Results:Being "normal" and "different" were central issues voiced by the participants. However, a normal life situation is guaranteed by being responsible with one's health, the condition that the diagnosis be kept secret and concerns about HIV transmission and dissemination to a sexual partner. The answers about treatment show that adherence is a dynamic process and involves moments of greater or lesser interest in relation to care for one's health. The adolescents have plans and projects and although HIV is considered a stressor, positive perspectives for the future prevailed.Conclusions:To live as an adolescent with HIV involves subtle dimensions that need to be recognized and legitimized by professionals who follow the trajectory of these young individuals. It is necessary to allow a space in which the adolescents can reflect and find support regarding issues related to the construction of their sexuality and care of one's own body.

Aim Despite its importance in nursing, perceived quality of the nurse–patient relationship has seldom been researched. This study sought to examine and compare the quality of caring attitudes and behaviours as perceived by haemodialysis patients and their nurses. Design This comparative descriptive study involved 140 haemodialysis patients and 101 nurses caring for them in ten haemodialysis units in the French‐speaking part of Switzerland. Methods Participants completed a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Caring Nurse‐Patient Interaction Scale (CNPI‐70). Results Both nurses and patients reported a high frequency of caring attitudes and behaviours. Patients gave higher ratings than nurses did on all the caring dimensions, except spirituality. Implications are discussed.

Adults (40 to 50 mm horizontal diameter) were fed prepared foods containing a formulated meal and agar. The gut-residence time ranged from 8 to 50 h indicating that the gut functions as a continuous-flow, stirred tank reactor. The average gut-clearance time was ca. 5 days with the rate of fecal production quickly decreasing, indicating that food is not retained in the gut with starvation to increase the efficiency of digestion. The rate of feeding of individuals ranged from an average (±SD) of 1.0 + 0.3 to 2.7 ± 1.1 g day -1 . The rate of feeding did not vary with time indicating continuous feeding and lack of satiation. The rate of feeding and fecal production and the total absorption efficiency did not vary with food quality, even when a high level of non-digestible material was present. The absorption efficiency of digestible material must increase for the total absorption efficiency to remain the same with an increase in non-digestible material. Modulation of the absorption efficiency rather than of feeding rate or gut-clearance time may be the mechanism of responding to difference in food quality in a way predicted by optimization theory.