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A synthesis is made of several published studies of the normal heat budget of the lower troposphere over the Northern Hemisphere in winter. Charts of heat sources and sinks are presented, based on two independent methods, one using the thermodynamic energy equation and the other a heat-balance procedure. Although there are differences in important details, both methods indicate that the horizontal scale of heating is the same as that of the normal lower-tropospheric temperature field, but that the field of heating is almost 90' out of phase with that of temperature. This result has an important bearing on the energy budget of the circulation. It is concluded that the heatbalance method is correct in indicating that there is a positive correlation between the normal temperature and heating fields. According to the energy transformation equations, this means that there is a posit,ive transformation from heating to potential energy at the scale of the climatological long waves. This energy is directly available for maintaining these waves against friction. It is hoped that this study will be of some use in the design of numerical general circulat,ion experiments, and as a basis of comparison with data from meteorological satellites.

TIROS nephanalyses are used to obtain global maps and latitudinal profiles of average cloud amount for the four seasons for the year March 1962 through February 1963. It is found t h a t the gross patterns and scnson-toseason variations of these cloud distributions bear a striking resemblance to correspotiding fcntures of nornial cloudiiicss, although there are some differences which call for further study. In many cases anomalies in cloudiiicss can be relatrd to corrcsponding anomalies of the general circulation. I n considering thc niaynitude as distinct from the pattern of cloudincss, there is some suggestion that during the chosen period the TIROS nephanalyses gave too much Cloudiness for large cloud amoiint, and too little for small cloud amount.

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