BACKGROUND: Multi-strategic community wide interventions for physical activity are increasingly popular but their ability to achieve population level improvements is unknown. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of community-wide, multi-strategic interventions upon population levels of physical activity.

All renal failure develops out of a background of persistent albuminuria in this population. More important, albuminuria and, inversely, GFR are powerful markers of risk for nonrenal natural death, including, but not restricted to, cardiovascular deaths. Most of the risk for premature death can be assessed by a simple urine test, and interventions that prevent development and progression of albuminuria and loss of GFR should not only prevent renal insufficiency, but powerfully reduce mortality from natural causes as well.

Background Maltreatment of older people (elder abuse) includes psychological, physical, sexual abuse, neglect and financial exploitation. Evidence suggests that 10% of older adults experience some form of abuse, and only a fraction of cases are actually reported or referred to social services agencies. Elder abuse is associated with significant morbidity and premature mortality. Numerous interventions have been implemented to address the issue of elder maltreatment. It is, however, unclear which interventions best serve to prevent or reduce elder abuse. Objectives The objective of this review was to assess the e ectiveness of primary, secondary and tertiary intervention programmes used to reduce or prevent abuse of the elderly in their own home, in organisational or institutional and community settings. The secondary objective was to investigate whether intervention e ects are modified by types of abuse, types of participants, setting of intervention, or the cognitive status of older people.

Falling rates of deaths and renal failure in the whole community support marked benefit of the program. Millions of dollars have been saved, based on avoidance of dialysis alone, but the reduction in premature death is the greater benefit. Chronic disease programs like this are enormously effective, and should be introduced into to all high-risk communities as a matter of urgency.