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To describe the relationship of the pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, flexor digitorum superficialis, and flexor carpi ulnaris muscles to the medial collateral ligament at 30 degrees, 90 degrees, and 120 degrees of elbow flexion, we dissected 11 cadaveric specimens. The flexor carpi ulnaris muscle is the predominant musculotendinous unit overlying the medial collateral ligament in the majority of cases and is the only one at 120 degrees of elbow flexion. The flexor digitorum superficialis muscle is the only other significant contributor. The medial collateral ligament is the primary stabilizer of the medial elbow with elbow flexion greater than 30 degrees, as in throwing. The flexor carpi ulnaris muscle, because of its position directly over the medial collateral ligament, and the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle, with its near proximity and relatively large bulk, are the specific muscles best suited to provide medial elbow support. This is especially relevant to overhand throwing athletes who encounter extreme valgus force across the elbow during the cocking and acceleration phases of the throwing motion. Exercise and conditioning of the medial elbow musculature, specifically the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle and the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle, may prevent injury or assist in rehabilitation of medial elbow instability, especially in overhand throwing athletes.

Fresh-stored osteoarticular grafts for full-thickness articular surface defects of the distal femur appear to offer a viable biological method to restore knee function. Our study suggests that osteoarticular grafts stored in cell culture medium at 4 degrees C for 4 to 6 weeks provide successful short-term clinical outcomes.

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The 7-o'clock portal is a safe and effective technique for use by shoulder surgeons.

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Background: A wide array of treatment, both surgical and nonsurgical, exists for osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. Injectable stem-cell therapy represents a minimally invasive and potentially efficacious treatment; however, there have been no level I studies conducted on this specific application of stem-cell therapy. The purpose of our review was to analyze, report, and summarize current topical data. Methods: A systematic review of the treatment of human knee OA with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was performed by searching PubMed/Medline and Google Scholar. Non-human studies and studies involving additional procedures were excluded. Authors reviewed the studies individually, with the primary author deciding on inclusion. Results: Our search ultimately returned 10 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Nine of the ten studies used cultured autologous MSCs, five from bone marrow, three from subcutaneous fat, and one from peripheral blood. The remaining study used allogenic bone marrow MSCs. Radiographic analysis of cartilage quality via MRI T2 mapping showed increased type II collagen production in five studies. Outcome scores consistently showed pain reduction and improved function. No study reported significant adverse events related to stem-cell therapy. Conclusions: Current human studies evaluating the use of injected MSCs for knee OA demonstrated consistent improvement across several outcome scores, with no significant adverse findings. Level of Evidence: Level IV, systematic review of Level II-IV trials and studies.