As biocriteria become increasingly accepted by states for evaluating stream designated uses, the use of biomonitoring data for determining stream impairments should be carefully designed, applied, and interpreted based on a solid understanding of the local and regional stream conditions as well as the characteristics of the biological communities and how the communities respond to anthropogenic disturbance. A key to interpreting biomonitoring data involves the development of reference stations as a benchmark to determine degrees of impairment and to evaluate the overall biotic integrity of a stream. The two most important steps for analyzing biological data is the selection of appropriate metrics and selection of appropriate reference streams.Appropriate metrics for biomonitoring are well documented in the literature and have been studied for years (Plafkin et al., 1989; Kerans and Karr, 1994;Barbour et al. 1997), but very little research has been dedicated to the definition of appropriate reference stations and the methods for the selection and use of reference station data even though this is a critical step to the analysis of the results. This paper examines the methods for selecting an appropriate reference station, presents the development of a reference station database, and presents a standard approach for scoring benthic macroinvertebrates in the piedmont of Georgia.A total of 15 reference stations and 53 study station were examined from extensive biomonitoring conducted over the past five years in metro Atlanta. Select reference stations were sampled on multiple occasions. Study stations represent a variety of different landuses and degrees of urbanization, from some of Atlanta's most urbanized watersheds to suburban watersheds with less development. Study stations represent a gradient of development as determined from examination of watershed landuse and existing point sources. Reference station were chosen in various watersheds in the piedmont region of Georgia and represent least disturbed rural watersheds. Both reference and study stations have been sampled to represent different watershed sizes, seasons, drainage basins.Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled at each monitoring station following qualitative techniques of the draft standard operating procedures (SOP) for the Georgia Bioassessment Protocols (GBP) (GA DNR, 2000). The GBP is a multi-habitat approach that was modified slightly to maximize efficiency of fieldwork and analysis while providing the data necessary to complete the GBP assessment. This modification is consistent with EPA's RBPs (Plafkin et al., 1989) and involved making a composite of samples collected from the various habitats for analysis and data evaluation. The composite sample, referred to as a "multi-habitat sample," was derived from the habitat types present at a station.To maintain uniform collection, the equipment used, collection methods, site length (or area), and unit effort were comparable among stations. The major habitat types (undercut banks, rocks, vegetatio...
The Sweetwater Creek watershed is located in central Gwinnett County within the Ocmulgee River Basin. The study area is comprised of 26 square miles. A total of 153 projects were identified in the Watershed Improvement Plan (WIP) for Sweetwater Creek. Total cost of all projects was estimated at $15,044,500. Implementation of projects was broken down into two primary phases:• Phase I -Prioritization of the recommended projects in the WIP • Phase II -Project design and construction Project prioritization included a review of data from the Sweetwater Creek WIP to develop a short list of BMP and stream projects for implementation. This was accomplished by conducting limited field work to review short listed projects. The work also included a review of regulatory requirements for potential projects and preliminary discussions of land acquisition issues. The McDaniel Farm Park stream restoration project was the first step in bridging the gap between watershed planning and implementation. As a result of the Phase I study, the McDaniel Farm Park stream restoration project was the first project chosen for implementation for a number of reasons. 1) The project was identified in the WIP as providing reduction in TSS because of eroding banks along an unnamed tributary to Sweetwater Creek. 2) The project was located on County-owned land within an existing park and the project could be completed on County-owned property, avoiding land acquisition that could cost the County additional time and money for the project. 3) Because the project is located in a park there will be a number of opportunities to provide public awareness and education to citizens regarding the program. 4) There was a nearby road construction project that was going to impact a stream channel and as a result the Georgia Department of Transportation (GA DOT) needed mitigation credits to obtain a 404 permit for the project. The McDaniel Farm Park stream restoration project could be used to provide mitigation for the road project. GA DOT cost for mitigation for the road project was $1.6 million. The McDaniel Farm Park stream restoration project involved the restoration of a deeply incised stream channel (South Tributary) and the restoration of stream buffers along the 723 WEFTEC®.06
In 2000, the Gwinnett County Department of Public Utilities (DPU) completed a Watershed Protection Plan (WPP) in accordance with the Georgia Environmental Protection Division (EPD) permitting requirements for a new or expanded wastewater National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) discharge permit. The WPP recommended improving impacted areas and protecting streams by completing detailed Watershed Improvement Plans (WIPs).CH2M HILL completed a WIP for the Chattahoochee River tributaries in Gwinnett County. The Chattahoochee River Tributaries study area encompasses 106 square miles and approximately 614 stream miles. The overall goal of this project is to identify and implement actions that 1) enhance the aquatic integrity of impaired streams within each study area, 2) return these streams to their designated uses, and 3) remove them from EPD's 303(d) list.Within the framework of this goal, the objectives of this project are to: • • Evaluate existing stream conditions, determine causes of stream degradation, and identify opportunities for stream restoration. • • Identify riparian-floodplain areas and opportunities to expand these areas for habitat improvement, flood reduction, and sediment storage. • • Inventory existing storm water BMPs and identify retrofit or new BMP opportunities that would mitigate urbanization-caused changes in runoff volume and timing. • • Evaluate the benefits of watershed BMP and stream restoration projects.• • Estimate costs of each potential project.• • Prioritize projects using benefit/cost analysis, public input, and County resource availability. •• Assist with public education efforts.The first step toward justifying a dedicated funding source for storm water projects is to identify the scope and need for a comprehensive storm water program. The results of the WIP indicate the need for and expected costs of proposed projects essential to meeting multiple regulatory requirements. The total CIP costs for these study areas, combined with others in Gwinnett County, determine the range of expenditures needed to improve water quality and biotic integrity. 3026Because of the need to efficiently collect and manage large amounts of detailed information about conditions in the study areas, GIS and global positioning system (GPS) technologies were used. GIS tools combine database information with spatial information to help quickly visualize and quantify the location and extent of conditions in the study areas. Base data, such as watershed boundaries, infrastructure, political boundaries, and hydrology, were provided by the DPU and other County departments. These data were used to develop field plans and other new data needed for the fieldwork. These data were critical to the assessment and development of potential restoration and retrofit projects.Field teams were equipped with handheld GPS units to gather data at the specific location of each problem or condition identified during the stream walk or BMP inventory. The GPS unit was connected directly to a handheld computer, which r...
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