ICECAP-O provides policy makers with robust quantitative evidence of differences in QOL. It offers local government an opportunity to evaluate the effects of health and other interventions, and to make comparisons across sectors for which it is responsible. It also demonstrates good ability to compare impairments in QOL associated with sociodemographic, health and attitudinal variables.

Objective: To provide descriptions of existing remuneration models for pharmacist clinical care services and to summarize the existing evaluations of economic, clinical, and humanistic outcome studies of the remuneration models. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, EconLit, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed from date of inception to June 2006. We also searched the World Wide Web, hand-searched pertinent journals and reference lists, and contacted experts in pharmacy practice research. One reviewer assessed titles and, with a second independent reviewer, assessed abstracts and full-text articles for inclusion and abstracted data. Disagreements were resolved by discussion or by a third independent reviewer. We included English language articles that described or evaluated current remuneration systems for pharmacist clinical care services and that involved a substantial number of pharmacists and that were paid by a third party other than the patient. Due to heterogeneity between systems, data were compiled qualitatively. Then, based on these results, an expert panel developed recommendations for implementing a remuneration model into current pharmacy practice in Alberta. Results: We identified 28 remuneration systems. Most commonly, payers were government agencies, and services were directed at the management of chronic diseases or complex medication regimens. While capitation models were evident, most systems provided payment according to each intervention carried out. Program evaluations were available from 14 models, and in many systems, initial uptake by pharmacists was high, but participation dropped after initial enrolment. Conclusion: To ensure that the provision of clinical care services will provide a sustainable avenue of income for pharmacists and costeffective quality care for patients, a viable business model with additional training and support for pharmacists and ongoing program evaluation is needed.

With its British colonial legacy and Chinese make-up, Hong Kong provides a stimulating stadium and lens through which to examine the validity of the use of ''culture'' in arguing against homosexuality and the development and protection of the rights of sexual minorities. After a brief account on the legal developments in Hong Kong on homosexuality, this article examines how the argument that Hong Kong has an inherently anti-gay rights culture, which simultaneously emphasizes Confucianism and Christianity, and which the government then uses to stonewall the development and protection of the rights of sexual minorities, merely illuminates an underlying schizophrenia as to what that culture actually is. In the process of my diagnosis, I will also discuss whether Confucianism and Christianity indeed oppose homosexuality and sexual minority rights.

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Identity (identities indeed) constitutes the inner core of a person which Article 8 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child rightfully acknowledges. Given the illustrative and not exhaustive nature of Article 8, the right of a child, which includes an adolescent under the age of 18, to identity covers respect for his or her sexual minority identity. Empirical research findings will be utilised extensively in support of this proposition, together with a critique of the now repealed section 2A of the Local Government Act 1986 then applicable in the entire United Kingdom (save Northern Ireland) which disparaged homosexuality as a 'pretended family relationship'. Jurisprudence from various legal systems, particularly the European Convention on Human Rights, will also be drawn upon to affirm the importance of an individual's right to identity, which includes sexual minority identity.'There is no better way to subjugate human beings than to silence them. There is nothing more oppressive than denying another's reality.' 1 -Ann Hartman 'No oppressed group has ever been granted dignity, respect, and human rights by remaining silent.' 2 -Deana F. Morrow Notwithstanding the advent of international human rights law following the Second World War, where countless members of sexual minorities (a collective term used in this analysis to denote gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and transgendered persons) were persecuted, 3 sexual minorities nowadays continues to be harassed, tortured, or executed. The proclamations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; 4 the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR); 5 and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural

International law is an amalgam of the past, present, and future. The past is important in itself not only because the vast majority of rules and principles of international law have come into being through decades, if not centuries, of deviation, crystallization and consolidation, but also because the past, and one's perspectives of the past, underlie, inform and explain a state's perspectives of a particular order or particular norms or values, and its approaches to the perspectives and actions of other states. The importance of understanding China's historical approaches to international law cannot be understated. China's interactions with international law began to take place in the context of its interactions with Western powers that culminated in the Opium War. This article then examines China's approaches to international law during its republican, communist, and contemporary socialist-market eras.

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