Selenium (Se) is an important element associated with the enhancement of antioxidant activity in organisms. Potato is very suitable for fertilisation with Se (biofortification). The experiment was performed to examine the effect of foliar application of Se as sodium selenite (200 or 400 g Se/ha) at the tuberisation stage on a spectrum of amino acids in tubers of varieties. The trends of amino acids were consistent in both years of the study. Application of Se increased the relative content of total essential (EAA) and non-essential (NEAA) amino acids relative to the controls (Karin: EAA 16.81-21.73% and NEAA 14.18-18.63%; Ditta: EAA 4.71-13.00% and NEAA 5.78-6.49%). The increase in the content of phenylalanine (Phe) was particularly significant (up to 48.9%) when also the contents of aspartic acid (Asp), glutamic acid (Glu), threonine (Thr), and tyrosine (Tyr) increased significantly compared with the controls. The results of changes in the content of isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), lysine (Lys), methionine (Met), valine (Val), alanine (Ala), arginine (Arg), proline (Pro), cysteine (Cys), glycine (Gly), histidine (His), and serine (Ser) were also discussed. The highest dose of selenium is shown as a stress factor. Its toxic effects resulted in a change of amino acid contents.
Small-plot field trials monitored the effect of drip irrigation of potatoes on tuber and starch yield. The trials were performed at two different localities in two trial years, 2016 and 2017. The subject of the evaluation included two cultivars with different vegetation periods (the very early cv. Monika and the semi-early cv. Jolana). Four repeated trials studied 4 irrigation treatments according to the available water capacity (AWC) of the soil, i.e. without irrigation, irrigation when soil humidity decreased below 60, 65 and below 70% AWC. All monitored parameters reflected a positive effect of irrigation in comparison to the non-irrigated control. The Žabčice locality showed the highest tuber and starch yields mostly after medium-intensity irrigation. The Valečov locality achieved the highest tuber and starch yields after the highest-intensity irrigation. Subject to the locality and the cultivar, the recommendation is to introduce automatic irrigation start when the soil humidity drops to 65% AWC for heavy soils and 70% AWC for medium heavy soils.
Spike characteristics include spike length, total spikelet number per spike, number of fertile flowers, spike density, spike fertility, grain number, thousand kernel weight, the number of spikes per square meter, harvest index and the grain yield during the flowering and ripening stage. The six winter and one facultative variety differed in earliness, derived in part from the allele of the Ppd-D1 gene and phenological observation. The two sites significantly differed in the soil moisture, which varied during continual microclimate monitoring. The spike architecture of winter wheat was affected by drought. The plant samples from the site FIELD 2 (more drought stressed) showed a higher reduction in spike characteristics such as a lower spike length, total spikelet number, number of fertile flowers and spike fertility, leading to a lower yield than the site FIELD 1. Both early and late varieties possess compensatory abilities to create the grain yield during drought stress; however, the timing and duration of exposure to drought determine the application and success of the compensatory ability. In our experiment, the late varieties (photoperiod sensitive) performed better in yield than the early varieties during both growing seasons. That is at odds with the generally recommended “drought escape strategy” (early varieties) and suggests a possible direction for variety selection and breeding in arid areas in Central Europe.
DRÁPAL KAREL, JŮZL MIROSLAV, ELZNER PETR, MAREČEK VÍT:The eff ect of urea with urease inhibitors and urea on yield and nitrate content in potato tubers. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 2013, LXI, No. 6, pp. 1613-1619 The three-year fi eld trial was established on two localities -Žabčice and Valečov in 2010-2012. Seven variants of nitrogen fertilization in four replications have been involved in this experiment -100% of urea (U), 80% of urea, 60% of urea, 100% of UreaStabil (US), 80% of UreaStabil and 60% of UreaStabil, whilst 100% corresponded to 90 kg N.ha −1 a er subtracting the content of Nmin in the soil, and the control variant without fertilization by mineral nitrogen. The two varieties with diff erent lengths of vegetation periods have been chosen for the experiment -the early variety Karin and the mid-early variety Red Anna. In all cases, samples for the yield and qualitative analyses have been taken according to the phenological phase -the beginning of physiological maturity. The obtained results show that the highest average yield has been achieved in the variant of 100% of urea -40.95 t. ha −1 , the yield of this variant was statistically signifi cantly higher than the yield of the other variants of fertilization (P < 0.05). Variants treated by urea without the urease inhibitor reached an average yield of 37.62 t.ha −1 . However, this yield was not statistically signifi cantly higher when comparing to the urea with the urease inhibitor (P > 0.05). In regard to localities, a relatively high average yield (44.58 t.ha −1 ) has been achieved on a characteristically potato-growing locality Valečov. This yield was statistically signifi cantly higher than the one attained on the Žabčice locality (P < 0.05). In respect to varieties, the mid-early variety Red Anna attained a higher average yield (39.65 t. ha −1 ). Likewise, this yield was statistically signifi cantly higher than the one of the early variety Karin (P < 0.05). The best year was 2012, in which the average yield of 38.73 t.ha −1 was achieved. This yield was statistically signifi cantly higher than the yield of the year 2010 (P < 0.05). As far as nitrates are concerned, the lowest average nitrate content has been found in the control variant -184.1 mg.kg −1 of moisture content. Nevertheless, the diff erences of the nitrate content among all the varieties were statistically inconclusive (P > 0.05). When using the fertilizer consisting of urea without the urease inhibitor, a lower average content of nitrates was found -207.8 mg.kg −1 of moisture content, but there was no statistically signifi cant diff erence in comparison to the urea with the urease inhibitor variants (P > 0.05). In respect to localities, lower average nitrate content was established on the Žabčice locality -177 mg.kg −1 of moisture content. A statistical signifi cance in comparison to the Valečov locality was found (P < 0.05). The mid-early variety Red Anna had a lower average nitrate content -167.7 mg.kg −1 of moisture content. When...
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