Psychol., 1962,56, 73-78. COOK, M. D. S. A preliminary study of the relationship of differential treatment of male and female head size in figure drawing to the degree of attribution of the social function of the female. 3. FISHER, S. and FISHER, Rhoda. Test of certain assumptions regarding figure drawing analysis. J. a h m . SOC. Psychol., 1950, @, 727-732. 4. GRIFFITH, A. V. and PEYMAN, D. A. R. Eye-ear emphasis in the DAP as indicating ideas of reference. J . consult. Psychol., 1959, 23, 560. 5. GUTMAN, BRIDGETTE. A n investigation of the applicability of the human figure drawing in predicting improvement in therapy. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, New York Universit 6. HILER, E. W. and NESVIG, D. An evaluation of criteria used by clinicians to ingr pathology from figure drawings. J. consult. Psychol., 1965,29,520-529. 7. HOLZBERG, J. D. and WEXLER, M. The validity of human form drawings as a measure of personality deviation.

Research investigated the hypothesis inferred from the theorizing of Loftus that suggestibility is related to the tendency to incorporate incorrect information into memory when this information has been subtly introduced after the to-be-remembered events have occurred. Specifically, it was predicted that if level of suggestibility is theoretically relevant to subjects' acceptance of misleading information, then more subjects who are highly hypnotically suggestible than those with a low level of hypnotic suggestibility will incorporate the incorrect information into memory. Hypnotic as compared with waking instruction should enhance this distortion effect by providing a context of testing in which subjects are readily prone to respond positively to suggestions. Eight independent groups of 12 subjects were tested. Separate groups of subjects of high and low suggestibility were presented with misleading or neutral information about a wallet-snatching incident and tested for memory under either waking or hypnotic instruction. Analysis of subjects' memory distortions indicated that suggestibility plays a somewhat different role than has been argued previously. The magnitude of distortion that was observed varied according to the stimulus features that were studied, but hypnotic suggestibility was not associated with the distortion effect. Despite the fact that hypnosis did not enhance recall in any way, subjects were frequently confident that distorted memories recovered under hypnosis were accurate.

When asked to name the ink color of an incompatible color word (e.g., the word red printed in green ink), people show strong interference from the word. This phenomenon-the Stroop effect-has become a benchmark measure of attention, and is notoriously difficult to modulate. This study examined Stroop interference in subjects who were either high or low in susceptibility to hypnosis. Compared with performance in the waking state, the Stroop effect actually increased under hypnosis, a result particularly evident in the high-susceptible subjects. This contradicts the notion that highsusceptible subjects freely select appropriate strategies when hypnotized, a conclusion strengthened by an analysis of reported strategies in the two states. However, when provided with an attentional focusing instruction under hypnosis, high-susceptible subjects sharply reduced the Stroop effect, whereas low-susceptible subjects decreased it only slightly. One role of hypnosis may be to assist the subject in tuning attention, but only when an appropriate strategy is provided.

17 excellent hypnotic Ss were asked to participate in a 2-day experiment which would involve many personality tests. On the 1st day Ss were given the suggestion that for the next 48 hr. they were to respond by touching their forehead each time they heard the word "experiment." The E tested the suggestion in the experimental setting, but unbeknownst to the Ss the critical test came in the waiting room: the secretary-receptionist tested Ss as they were leaving the building on the 1st day and again as they arrived on the following day. A quasi-control group simulating hypnosis was used to evaluate whether E may have unwittingly cued the Ss to respond outside of the experimental setting. The E was blind as to which Ss were excellent hypnotic Ss and which were essentially unhypnotizable simulators. Results showed that $ hypnotic Ss responded consistently away from E; no simulating S showed comparable posthypnotic behavior (Fisher exact test, p < .OS). Consistent posthypnotic response outside of the experimental setting was related to the level of hypnosis S achieved at the time the posthypnotic suggestion was administered.

Woody and Bowers's dissociated-control theory predicts impaired performance on tasks indexing frontally mediated supervisory attentional functions during hypnosis, especially for high susceptibles. This prediction is tested using Stroop task behavioral performance to measure aspects of anterior-mediated supervisory attentional function. All measures of anterior-mediated attentional functions significantly declined during hypnosis. Interactions be-tween susceptibility and hypnosis condition showed specific changes among hypnotized high susceptibles. Total Stroop errors (failures of attentional suppression) were significantly higher in hypnosis for high, but not low, susceptibles. Tellegen's experiential mental set was highest for hypnotized highs. Use of rehearsal strategy (instrumental set) decreased significantly in hypnosis but more so for highs than lows. Results suggest that "absorption" in hypnosis may be a consequence of dissociated anterior attentional control. It is proposed that dissociated control emerges from the functional disconnection of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex.

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This article describes two experiments designed to examine the hypothesis that the critical role of the feedback signal in frontalis electromyograph (EMG) biofeedback is an attentional one. In both experiments, high- and low-absorption subjects were assigned to either a biofeedback condition, a no-feedback condition, or an attentional demand condition in which external stimuli, related to relaxation, were presented as an attentional focus. The two experiments differed essentially in the type of attentional demand condition that was employed and varied the compelling nature of the demand on subjects for an external attentional focus. The pattern of results was consistent with the attentional hypothesis. For low-absorption subjects, performance in the biofeedback and attentional demand conditions was equivalent and appreciably greater than in the no-feedback condition. For high-absorption subjects, an interference effect of biofeedback was observed, but data indicated a similar interference effect on the performance of subjects when the attentional demand condition was most compelling. The pattern of results obtained point to the special relevance of attentional processes and highlight their lack of emphasis in contemporary theoretical models of EMG biofeedback.

The phenomenon of countering expresses the tendency of some highly susceptible subjects to favor the intent of the hypnotist when placed in a conflict situation where social influences of another kind dictate an alternative response. The present research explored the parameters of this objective index of involvement with the hypnotist to investigate the special relevance of rapport processes to the hypnotic setting. Rapport was manipulated in five different experiments, varying either the warmth or genuineness of the hypnotist. It was predicted from transference theorizing that countering would decrease in the negative context and increase in the positive one. Results confirmed predictions for highly susceptible subjects tested in the former context but not the latter. In the negative setting, subjects were inhibited in their rate of countering, but maintained their previous level of response to the hypnotist when rapport was facilitated. Results highlighted the relevance of interpersonal processes to theorizing about hypnosis.Just as in therapy the interpersonal framework that exists for therapist and client constitutes a very powerful matrix within which a number of influencing techniques become potentiated (Strupp, 1973), so too the relationship between hypnotist and subject can be said to be relevant to the understanding of hypnotic phenomena. The nature of the relevance of interpersonal theorizing to hypnosis has been asserted most strongly by thoseThe research reported in this article was financed by grants from the Australian Research Grants Committee to the author for the period 1973-1978. The author is greatly indebted to the Committee for that support.The author wishes to thank the following persons for their valued help as experimenters, raters, or demonstration models at various stages throughout the conduct of the research: