Cooperation-88 (C88) is a high yielding potato cultivar with durable resistance to Phytophthora infestans Mont. de Bary and excellent virus resistance. This has permitted the cultivar to rapidly increase its production area in Yunnan Province of China, as well as in neighboring provinces and countries. C88 is the result of a cross between I-1085, a clone from India selected for late blight (LB) resistance in Mexico and distributed by the International Potato Center (CIP), and a bulk pollen of a poorly adapted but highly LB resistant population with its origin in Solanum andigena from CIP Peru. C88 has excellent vegetative growth; it is late maturing under the long day summer growing season in Yunnan Province. It is much earlier maturing under the low elevation and warmer winter season of Yunnan. Experimental yields ranged from 23 to 55 t/ha, out-yielding the control cultivar Mira by 5% to 76%. Tuber quality is excellent, garnering a premium price in the markets. C88 has also become the preferred cultivar for the chipping potato industry, which uses medium-sized tubers, while the larger ones go for the fresh table market. Current estimates place the total area under production at 390,000 ha in Yunnan and its neighboring provinces, making C88 one of the most widely grown cultivars in the world today, less than 15 years after release.Resumen Cooperation-88 (C88) es una variedad de papa de alto rendimiento con resistencia durable a Phytophthora infestans Mont. de Bary y de excelente resistencia a virus. Esto le ha permitido un rápido incremento en el área de producción en la Provincia de Yunnan en China, así como también en provincias y países vecinos. C88 es el resultado de una cruza entre I-1085, un clon de la India seleccionado para resistencia al tizón tardío (TT) en México y distribuido por el Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP), y polen masivo de una población de pobre adaptación, pero altamente resistente al TT, con su origen en Solanum andigena del CIP, en Perú. C88 tiene un excelente crecimiento vegetativo; es tardía bajo el ciclo de cultivo de día largo del verano en la Provincia de Yunnan. Es de madurez mucho más temprana en elevaciones bajas y en la estación de inviernos cálidos de Yunnan. Los rendimientos experimentales variaron de 23 a 55 t/ha, superando a la variedad testigo Mira por 5% a 76%. La calidad del tubérculo es excelente, mereciendo precios preferenciales en los mercados. C88 también se ha convertido en la variedad preferida para la industria del freído de la papa, que utiliza tubérculos de tamaño medio, mientras que los grandes van al mercado fresco. Las estimaciones actuales ubican al área bajo producción en 390,000 ha en Yunnan y en las provincias vecinas, haciendo de C88 una de las variedades más ampliamente sembradas en el mundo hoy, a menos de quince años de su liberación.
Potato apical rooted cuttings (ARC) originating from juvenile simple rounded leaf mother plants are a significant new way of transplanting and field growing of seed potatoes under smallholder field conditions in the tropical highlands. The aim of this paper is to highlight the development of the technology by researchers and farmers in Vietnam, Philippines, Kenya and Uganda. The development of cultivars with late blight resistance for which no source of tuber seed was available stimulated the creation of using ARC. The demystification of tissue culture by the 1980s greatly aided this development. The key hurdle was to multiply tissue culture plants in beds of growing media and maintain the physiological young stage of the mother plants from which apical cuttings could be repeatedly taken for several months to produce ARC for sale to farmers who demanded the new cultivars (cvs) with all the desirable attributes. The technology was first developed in warmer climates at lower elevations of less than 1,500 meters above mean sea level (mamsl) but gradually it was successfully developed at cooler climates in East Africa. The technology is well established in the highlands of Vietnam and Philippines. The largest family operation is producing over 4 million ARC annually. These high-quality ARC along with improved cvs have markedly improved yields of smallholder farmers, improving food security and increasing their income levels. In Kenya and Uganda there is a rapid adoption of ARC by seed producers, smallholder farmers and youths. The ARC revolution is bringing a great deal of excitement and promise of prosperity to remote poor highland communities.
Environmentally sustainable potato production requires reduced dependence on pesticides. Consumers are increasingly lobbying for the protection of the environment, and underscoring these requests by changing their purchasing patterns. Farmers are responding with reduced and more efficient use of pesticides by means of more environmentally friendly chemicals, superior application equipment, scouting, training, and increased communications. On our farm, we have focused on sustainable potato production for both conventional and certified organic with a multipronged approach. The most significant improvements include weekly scouting of all fields to determine economic thresholds before spraying and the reliance on weekly newsletters, which inform us of the status of pests and diseases in the province and allow us to prepare. We also use neonicotinoid chemistry as a seed tuber treatment, which has greatly reduced the need to spray insecticide, especially for Colorado Potato Beetle control. We focus on soil health through the use of manure (beef and swine), which has led to better crop health and further reduces the need for pest and disease control and saves us input costs. Finally, we have a potato-variety development program to select clones with resistance to Ontario's pests and diseases. The selection program focuses on late blight, early dying and scab resistance, as well as on research into varieties that resist insects through selecting for glandular trichomes.Resumen La producción de papa autosostenible ambientalmente requiere de una dependencia reducida de plaguicidas. Los consumidores están abogando en aumento por la protección del ambiente, y cuantificando estas peticiones mediante el cambio en sus patrones de compras. Los agricultores están respondiendo con el uso reducido y más eficiente de plaguicidas mediante el uso de químicos más amigables con el ambiente, mejores equipos de aplicación, explorando, capacitándose, y más comunicaciones. En nuestra finca nos hemos enfocado a la producción sustentable de papa tanto en la convencional como en la orgánica certificada, con una estrategia de multiproyección. Las mejoras más significativas incluyen inspecciones semanales de todos los campos para determinar los umbrales económ-icos antes de la aspersión y en la confiabilidad de boletines semanales, que nos informan de la situación de las plagas y enfermedades en la provincia y nos permite prepararnos. También usamos químicos neonicotinoides como tratamiento al tubérculo-semilla, que ha reducido grandemente la necesidad de asperjar insecticida, especialmente para el control del escarabajo de Colorado. Nos enfocamos a la sanidad del suelo mediante el uso de estiércol (bovinos y cerdos), lo que ha conducido a una mejor sanidad del cultivo, que a la larga reduce la necesidad de control de plagas y enfermedades y nos ahorra costos de inversión. Finalmente, tenemos un programa de desarrollo de variedades de papa para seleccionar clones con resistencia a las plagas y enfermedades de Ontario. Este programa de selección...
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