The nonprofit starvation cycle describes a phenomenon in which nonprofit organizations continuously underinvest in their organizational infrastructure in response to external expectations for low overhead expenditure. In this study, we draw on nonprofit financial data from 2006 to 2015 to investigate whether the German nonprofit sector is affected by this phenomenon, specifically in the form of falling overhead ratios over time. We find reported overhead ratios to have significantly decreased among organizations without government funding and that the decrease originates from cuts in fundraising expenses—two results that are in contrast to previous findings from the U.S. nonprofit sector. With this study, we contribute to nonprofit literature by engaging in a discussion around the starvation cycle’s generalizability across contexts.

We examined the relationship between endogenous rhythms, auditory and visual cues, and body movement in the temporal coordination of duet singers. Sixteen pairs of experienced vocalists sang a familiar melody in Solo and two Duet conditions. Vocalists sang together in Unison (simultaneously producing identical pitches) and Round Duet conditions (one vocalist, the Follower, producing pitches at an eight-tone delay from their partner, the Leader) while facing Inward (full visual cues) and Outward (reduced visual cues). Larger tempo differences in partners’ spontaneous (temporally unconstrained) Solo performances were associated with larger asynchrony in Duet performances, consistent with coupling predictions for oscillators with similar natural frequencies. Vocalists were slightly but consistently more synchronous in Duets when facing their partner (Inward) than when facing Outward; Unison and Round performances were equally synchronous. The greater difficulty of Rounds production was evidenced in vocalists’ slower performance rates and more variable head movements; Followers directed their head gaze away from their partner and used bobbing head movements to mark the musical beat. The strength of Followers’ head movements corresponded to the amount of tone onset asynchrony with their partners, indicating a strong association between timing and movement under increased attentional and working memory demands in music performance.

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To better evaluate the effectiveness of overhead-free donations on giving behavior, we seek to further investigate the robustness of the findings from Gneezy et al. using a nonstudent population. In an online experiment, we test whether (a) the level of overhead costs affects giving decisions and whether (b) overhead aversion disappears once donors are informed that an anonymous donor has already covered all overhead costs. Results show that donations decrease as overhead spending increases when donors have to pay for overhead. However, unlike the original article, we find mixed results when someone else covered overhead costs. Participants exposed to a nonprofit with a 33% overhead ratio where overhead was already covered still displayed overhead aversion. However, this aversion disappeared at a high overhead ratio of 67%. The overall results remain unchanged after controlling for demographics. Our results hold important implications for nonprofit organizations who must find a careful balance between appealing to donors for short-term financial gain and addressing the need to alter skewed donor expectations toward financial efficiency in the long run.

The 8.8 km long Boßler Tunnel was tendered in 2012 as a NATM tunnel, although a variant with a tunnel boring machine (TBM) was permitted for the first 2,800 m of the tunnel from the north side. The joint venture Tunnel Albaufstieg ATA won the contract in a negotiation process with the variant TBM for the first 2,800 m. Out of the conviction that a large part of the Boßler Tunnel should be feasible for a TBM, the ATA made an optimisation proposal, according to which extensive additional investigation should be undertaken in the preceding NATM tunnel and to demonstrate the feasibility of extended TBM operation. This concept was successively implemented, with a 55 m deep investigation shaft being sunk and a 20 m long investigation tunnel excavated. The investigations brought the hoped‐for improved estimation of the rock mass behaviour and finally convinced all those responsible for the project (client and the contractor) that a TBM drive along the entire length of the tunnel was feasible. This procedure demanded extreme flexibility from all parties involved since the design work mostly had to be undertaken at the last minute.

Nonprofit leaders face the challenge of making decisions within a complex environment of heterogeneous and often competing stakeholder claims. In such a setting, leaders not only make judgments about the power of their organization's stakeholders but they also make conscious choices about which stakeholders they personally represent while making organizational decisions. This study uses insights from stakeholder theory and agency theory to investigate (1) how nonprofit leaders' perceptions of stakeholder power and stakeholder representation are interrelated across a wide range of stakeholder groups and organizations, and (2) how perceptions of power and representation differ between board members and executive managers. Drawing on data from 491 nonprofit leaders, we find evidence of stakeholder representation surpluses and deficits for several stakeholders, although perceptions of these deficits and surpluses differ considerably between board members and managers. Our study holds important implications for nonprofit governance,

One of the main goals of the ground investigation for the Koralm Tunnel project was the detailed investigation of the Lavanttal fault systemwhich lies in the contact between the Koralm crystalline and the neogenic formations of the Lavanttal. The above-ground investigation programme (mapping, core drilling, geophysics) was able to deliver the first estimation of the geological, hydrogeological and geotechnical rock conditions of the fault zone many hundreds of metres thick ( fig. 1). The Paierdorf investigation tunnel, which has now been constructed, clarified the thickness and the internal structure of the fault zone as well as the hydraulic and mechanical rock properties along the tunnel. Equally important was the practical experience gained by tunnelling through the fault zone. The knowledge gained from the Paierdorf investigation tunnel will be used in further design work for the mechanical driving of this very heterogeneous region of rock.1 Knowledge of engineering geology gained from the investigation tunnel Main fault zoneThe prognosis Immediately to the East of the neogenic-crystalline boundary, a main fault zone of the Lavanttal fault system was forecast, with a thickness of several hundreds of metres. In this region, a sequence of softly plastic, finegrained and coarse-grained cataclasites was expected, alternating with less faulted, competent blocks of rock. The thickness of the cataclasites was supposed to be a few metres to many tens of metres. Steeply dipping faults were expected to be dominant, dipping towards and also against the advance direction.The groundwater table in this area is up to 270 m above the crown of the tunnel. In the main fault zone dry to damp conditions for tunnelling were expected with locally trapped water pockets. In the jointed competent rock and in the boundaries of steep faults trickling water ingress was expected. Isolated water or mud inflows with up to some tens of l/s were also considered possible. The conditions encountered

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