This article reviews and critically evaluates available research on latent classes of maltreatment. Three major databases (PsycINFO, Web of Knowledge, and Academic Search Complete) were used to identify studies on latent classes of maltreatment published before June 1, 2016. Of 365 potentially relevant studies, 14 met inclusion criteria for review. Our analysis was guided by the following questions: (a) What observed indicators are being used to model classes of maltreatment? (b) What are the most commonly identified classes of maltreatment? and (c) What are the predictors and outcomes of classes of maltreatment? Across the studies, findings demonstrated how person-centered methods (i.e., latent class/profile analysis) may facilitate the study of maltreatment by concurrently addressing several methodological limitations common to the study of maltreatment, while also addressing heterogeneity in experiences of maltreatment. After providing an account of existing trends within the literature employing person-centered methodology in the study of maltreatment, we offer a critique of extant research, note recent methodological developments, and make numerous recommendations for future research using person-centered approaches to understanding maltreatment.

Much of the cultural processes research has used single-domain measures of and approaches to cultural orientation, acculturation, and ethnic identity. The current study examined the latent cultural profiles that emerged from the intrapersonal (i.e., ethnic identity and generational status), interpersonal (i.e., language use), and familial (i.e., familial ethnic socialization) domains among 338 Mexican-origin girls in 7th (n ϭ 170; M age ϭ 12.27, SD ϭ .28; 63.6% U.S.-born) and 10th grades (n ϭ 168; M age ϭ 15.21, SD ϭ .46; 60.6% U.S.-born). Further, we examined how these profiles were associated with self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and discrimination. Four cultural profiles emerged from a latent profile analysis (i.e., strong-positive, strong-negative, Spanishdominant low, and English-dominant low). Results indicated that the strong-positive profile (i.e., high on ethnic identity and familial ethnic socialization, bilingual, second generation) was most adaptive, in that this group had the highest self-esteem. Profiles did not differ in perceived discrimination or depressive symptoms. Results highlight the multifaceted nature of cultural profiles and suggest that affiliation with heritage culture across intrapersonal, interpersonal, and familial domains is beneficial for the psychosocial adjustment of Mexican-origin girls. Implications of the use of a multidomain conceptualization of cultural processes in research and positive youth adjustment programs are discussed.

Bowen Family Systems Theory and Social Learning Theory served as a framework for examining the potential role of offspring maternal forgiveness in the intergenerational transmission (IGT) of violence. Using 285 emerging adults, we tested the hypotheses that higher accounts of witnessed interpersonal violence perpetrated by either parent would relate to increased reports of dating violence, and that offspring's capacity to forgive mothers for current transgressions would mediate this relationship. Witnessing interpersonal violence perpetrated by either parent significantly related to offspring dating violence perpetration and victimization. In addition, witnessing violence perpetrated by either parent significantly related to offspring dating violence perpetration, via offspring's capacity to forgive. Contrary to expectation, offspring's capacity to forgive mothers did not mediate the link between father-perpetrated violence and dating violence victimization; however, it did serve as mediator in the association between mother-perpetrated violence and offspring dating violence victimization. Overall, the findings suggest that witnessing violence perpetrated by either parent explains a portion of the variance in offspring dating violence indirectly through offspring's capacity to forgive mothers for current transgressions. The present study contributes to previous research on the IGT of violence by identifying forgiveness as a mechanism in which intimate partner violence is transmitted generationally. Implications and future directions are discussed for researchers and clinicians.

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The current research reports both latent profile (person-oriented) and item response theory (IRT) analyses of the School Burnout Inventory (SBI) in United States undergraduate samples. Study 1 (n = 1,007) comprises a latent profile analysis (LPA) that identified four mutually exclusive subgroups based on patterns of school burnout responses. Covariate analyses of grade point average and negative affect suggested that school burnout profiles function similarly to variable-oriented approaches. Study 2 (n = 544) explored longitudinal patterns of school burnout among college students via use of a repeated measures LPA. Findings suggested that the profiles identified reflect a relatively stable school burnout trajectory over time. Covariate analysis of sleep quality and academic engagement demonstrated differences across profiles, but the patterns were similar to variable-oriented statistical approaches. Study 3 (n = 2,364) utilized an IRT analysis of the SBI to identify a short, efficient measure. Item information curves and graded response model item discrimination parameters identified a 4-item SBI scale (SBI-4) that offered reasonably high levels of information for assessing school burnout in comparison to the original nine-item SBI. Implications and future research are identified. Keywords: item response theory, latent profile analysis, person-oriented approach, repeated measures latent profile analysis, School Burnout Inventory with about 11.5 million females enrolled in the fall of 2017 as compared to 8.9 million males (U.S. Department of Education, 2017). Reflecting the importance of higher education, the number of American undergraduate students is increasing. Enrollment of traditional college-aged students (18-to 24-year-olds) is up more than 5.1 million in 2017 (20.4 million) from that of 2000 (U.S. Department of Education, 2017). Given the prevalence of college education and its resulting employment advantages, investigations into factors that may jeopardize retention in United States colleges are warranted. One such emerging factor is school burnout. Burnout is a well-researched, multidimensional, affective response to occupational stress. Although burnout has traditionally been investigated within the workplace, it is becoming more

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This study is the first to determine the specific patterns of substance use that are more strongly related to sexual risk-taking for maltreated female adolescents. By doing so, this study demonstrates how a person-centered approach can facilitate our understanding of how to best leverage sexual risk-taking prevention efforts.