The objective of this study was to understand the factors that affect the hydration and cooking profiles of different bean varieties. During this study, nine bean varieties were classified as either easy-to-cook (ETC) or hard-to-cook (HTC) based on a subjective finger pressing test and an objective cutting test. Rose coco, Red haricot, and Zebra beans were classified as ETC, while Canadian wonder, Soya fupi, Pinto, non-nodulating, Mwezi moja, Gwaku, and New mwezi moja were HTC. The effect of different soaking (pre)-treatments on the cooking behavior and/or water absorption of whole or dehulled beans was investigated. Dehulling, soaking in high pH and monovalent salt solutions reduced the cooking time of beans, while soaking in low pH and CaCl2 solutions increased the cooking time. Moisture uptake was faster in ETC and dehulled beans. Soaking at high temperatures also increased the hydration rate. The results point to pectin-related aspects and the rate of water uptake as possible factors that influence the cooking rate of beans.

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The importance of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in addressing food insecurity cannot be underestimated. However, their utilization is hampered by development of the hard-to-cook (HTC) defect, i.e., the inability of cotyledons to soften sufficiently within a reasonable time during cooking, the presence of flatulence causing oligosaccharides, the antinutrients and the low digestibility of macronutrients. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of storage conditions (time, temperature and relative humidity) on pectic polysaccharides of selected common bean varieties during the evolution of the hard cook problem. First, alcohol insoluble residue (AIR) was extracted from the bean flour. The AIR was fractionated into water, chelator and Na 2 CO 3 -soluble pectin fractions and a hemicellulose fraction. The galacturonic acid content, neutral sugars, degree of methylesterfication (DM), degree of acetylation (DAc) and molar mass distribution for pectin fractions were determined. In addition, filterable residual protein in various fractions was estimated. Results on the acidic and neutral sugars revealed that common beans contained highly branched, arabinose-rich pectic polysaccharides. Storage of common beans for more than 4 months at high relative humidity (83%) and high temperature (45°C) resulting in HTC development showed a decrease in pectin extractability in water paralleled by an increase in the alkaline-soluble fraction. Other pectin characteristics such as DM and DAc showed minor variations upon storage of beans. The hydrolysis of both starch and proteins before AIR extraction decreased with increasing storage time, temperature and relative humidity. The increase in residual starch and protein might be linked to the protein-starch hypothesis where predominance of protein denaturation leads to restricted starch gelatinization. The results reveal that the contribution of pectic polysaccharides to development of HTC defect during the storage of Canadian wonder and Red haricot common beans at elevated temperature and relative humidity is due to reduced pectin solubility. However, the influence of starch and proteins seems evident.

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The cooking time of beans is an important quality indicator which can change considerably during ageing. Therefore, this study investigated the potential of near-infrared spectroscopy to rapidly predict cooking times of aged common beans. Four bean varieties were aged under different storage conditions, resulting in a range of samples for each of these varieties. The cooking kinetics of the aged beans were determined by finger pressing and modelled using logistic regression to obtain the times it took to cook 95% of the beans. The cooking times obtained were predicted from the NIR spectra of milled raw bean samples. This was done using partial least squares regression, after carrying out wavelength selection. Model performance was improved up to an average prediction error of 8 minutes by de-hulling the beans and reducing the number of varieties included. In conclusion, NIR spectroscopy has high potential to predict the cooking times of aged beans.

The cooking time of common beans is influenced by genotype and storage conditions. This study aimed to use near-infrared (NIR) spectra of milled, freshly harvested (fresh) beans to predict their cooking times and their susceptibility to develop the storage-induced, hard-to-cook (HTC) defect.The physical characteristics of bean accessions, from two different seasons, were evaluated. The cooking times and susceptibility to HTC (determined by aging under standard adverse conditions) of the aforesaid beans were correlated to NIR spectra to develop calibrations using variable selection and partial least squares regression. The beans exhibited diverse physical characteristics, cooking times and susceptibility to HTC. The models predicting cooking times of fresh beans sufficiently overcame genotype and seasonal differences (R 2 P=0.73, RMSEP=4 minutes). The susceptibility of fresh beans to HTC was also successfully predicted (R 2 CV=0.8, RSECV=64%).NIR spectroscopy has high potential to rapidly identify beans with short cooking times and low susceptibility to HTC at harvest.