The objective of this study was to understand the factors that affect the hydration and cooking profiles of different bean varieties. During this study, nine bean varieties were classified as either easy-to-cook (ETC) or hard-to-cook (HTC) based on a subjective finger pressing test and an objective cutting test. Rose coco, Red haricot, and Zebra beans were classified as ETC, while Canadian wonder, Soya fupi, Pinto, non-nodulating, Mwezi moja, Gwaku, and New mwezi moja were HTC. The effect of different soaking (pre)-treatments on the cooking behavior and/or water absorption of whole or dehulled beans was investigated. Dehulling, soaking in high pH and monovalent salt solutions reduced the cooking time of beans, while soaking in low pH and CaCl2 solutions increased the cooking time. Moisture uptake was faster in ETC and dehulled beans. Soaking at high temperatures also increased the hydration rate. The results point to pectin-related aspects and the rate of water uptake as possible factors that influence the cooking rate of beans.
The importance of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in addressing food insecurity cannot be underestimated. However, their utilization is hampered by development of the hard-to-cook (HTC) defect, i.e., the inability of cotyledons to soften sufficiently within a reasonable time during cooking, the presence of flatulence causing oligosaccharides, the antinutrients and the low digestibility of macronutrients. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of storage conditions (time, temperature and relative humidity) on pectic polysaccharides of selected common bean varieties during the evolution of the hard cook problem. First, alcohol insoluble residue (AIR) was extracted from the bean flour. The AIR was fractionated into water, chelator and Na 2 CO 3 -soluble pectin fractions and a hemicellulose fraction. The galacturonic acid content, neutral sugars, degree of methylesterfication (DM), degree of acetylation (DAc) and molar mass distribution for pectin fractions were determined. In addition, filterable residual protein in various fractions was estimated. Results on the acidic and neutral sugars revealed that common beans contained highly branched, arabinose-rich pectic polysaccharides. Storage of common beans for more than 4 months at high relative humidity (83%) and high temperature (45°C) resulting in HTC development showed a decrease in pectin extractability in water paralleled by an increase in the alkaline-soluble fraction. Other pectin characteristics such as DM and DAc showed minor variations upon storage of beans. The hydrolysis of both starch and proteins before AIR extraction decreased with increasing storage time, temperature and relative humidity. The increase in residual starch and protein might be linked to the protein-starch hypothesis where predominance of protein denaturation leads to restricted starch gelatinization. The results reveal that the contribution of pectic polysaccharides to development of HTC defect during the storage of Canadian wonder and Red haricot common beans at elevated temperature and relative humidity is due to reduced pectin solubility. However, the influence of starch and proteins seems evident.
The world faces challenges that require sustainable solutions: food and nutrition insecurity; replacement of animal‐based protein sources; and increasing demand for convenient, nutritious, and health‐beneficial foods; as well as functional ingredients. The irrefutable potential of pulses as future sustainable food systems is undermined by the hardening phenomenon that develops upon their storage under adverse conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Occurrence of this phenomenon indicates storage instability. In this review, the application of a material science approach, in particular the glass transition temperature concept, is presented to explain phenomena of storage instability such as the occurrence of hardening and loss of viability under adverse storage conditions. In addition to storage (in)stability, application of this concept during processing of pulses is discussed. The state‐of‐the‐art on how hardening occurs, that is, mechanistic insights, is provided, including a critical evaluation of some of the existing postulations using recent research findings. Moreover, the influence of hardening on the properties and processing of pulses is included. Prevention of hardening and curative actions for pulses affected by the hardening phenomenon are described in addition to the current trends on uses of pulses and pulse‐derived products. Based on the knowledge progress presented in this review, suggestions for the future include: first, the need for innovation toward implementation of recommended solutions for the prevention of hardening; second, the optimization of the identified most effective and efficient curative action against hardening; and third, areas to focus on for elucidation of mechanisms of hardening, although existing analytical methods require advancement.
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