The presence of pancreatic fat is not related to prediabetes or diabetes, which suggests that it has little clinical relevance for an individual's glycemic status.

Objective To investigate multi-echo chemical shift-encoded MRI-based mapping of proton density fat fraction (PDFF) and fat-corrected R2* in bone marrow as biomarkers for osteoporosis assessment. Methods Fifty-one patients (28 female; mean age 69.7 ± 9.0 years) underwent dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). On the basis of the t score, 173 valid vertebrae bodies were divided into three groups (healthy, osteopenic and osteoporotic). Three echo chemical shift-encoded MRI sequences were acquired at 3 T. PDFF and R2* with correction for multiple-peak fat (R2*MP) were measured for each vertebral body. Kruskal–Wallis test and post hoc analysis were performed to evaluate differences between groups. Further, the area under the curve (AUC) for each technique was calculated using logistic regression analysis. Results On the basis of DXA, 92 samples were normal (53 %), 47 osteopenic (27 %) and 34 osteoporotic (20 %). PDFF was increased in osteoporosis compared with healthy (P=0.007). R2*MP showed significant differences between normal and osteopenia (P=0.004), and between normal and osteoporosis (P<0.001). AUC to differentiate between normal and osteoporosis was 0.698 for R2*MP, 0.656 for PDFF and 0.74 for both combined. Conclusion PDFF and R2*MP are moderate biomarkers for osteoporosis. PDFF and R2*MP combination might improve the prediction in differentiating healthy subjects from those with osteoporosis.

We compared the ability of the FLI, HSI, and our own scoring system to determine the risk of hepatic steatosis using two population-based data sets (one for the development of our own system and one for validation). In the development and independent replication data set, all three indices discriminated well between patients with and without hepatic steatosis, but the predicted risks did not match well with the observed risks, when applied to external data. Scoring systems for fatty liver disease could depend on methodological standardization of ultrasound diagnosis and laboratory measurements.

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