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Evidence accumulation models are a form of dynamic signal detection theory, allowing for the analysis of response times as well as response proportions, and can be used for simulating human performance on dynamic decision tasks.

E. L. DeLosh, J. R. Busemeyer, and M. A. McDaniel (1997) found that when learning a positive, linear relationship between a continuous predictor (x) and a continuous criterion (y), trainees tend to underestimate y on items that ask the trainee to extrapolate. In 3 experiments, the authors examined the phenomenon and found that the tendency to underestimate y is reliable only in the so-called lower extrapolation region--that is, new values of x that lie between zero and the edge of the training region. Existing models of function learning, such as the extrapolation-association model (DeLosh et al., 1997) and the population of linear experts model (M. L. Kalish, S. Lewandowsky, & J. Kruschke, 2004), cannot account for these results. The authors show that with minor changes, both models can predict the correct pattern of results.

We argue that rule-like phenomena in naming and lexical decision reflect the collapsing of information that occurs during retrieval from the lexicon, and that complex patterns in performance reflect the pattern of correlation that exists in the reader's lexicon rather than mapping rules wired into, or learned by, the processing apparatus. By using a lexicon built to scale, we show that simple retrieval operations applied to a large corpus of words correctly predict an interaction of word frequency by spelling-tosound regularity in naming, a frequency main effect in lexical decision, sensitivity to orthographically defined syllable-like structures in lexical decision, and an interaction of number of syllables with word frequency in naming. Seidenberg (1985) found a regularity effect, but it was limited to cases in which "strange" words (their adjective), such as colonel, were included. Later, Besner, Twilley, McCann, and Seergobin (1990) reported a regularity effect when low-frequency homophones were included in the stimuli. Although the referee cited Andrews (1982) for evidence of a regularity effect in lexical decision, she reported a consistency effect, but not a regularity effect.