CONSIDERATION of various isolated reports in the literature has led us to the hypothesis that oxygen poisoning and radiation injury have at least one common basis of action, possibly through the formation of oxidizing free radicals. This article reviews the pertinent material that led to this hypothesis and also presents the supporting evidence obtained from (i) experiments on the protective action against oxygen poisoning by substances of varied chemical nature known to increase resistance to irradiation, and (ii) experiments on the survival in oxygen of mice irradiated and exposed to high oxygen tensions simultaneously or at different intervals. Concerning free-radical formation, it is generally believed that the chemical actions of ionizing radiation on aqueous solutions are mainly indirect (1), involving the primary formation of the free radicals H' and OH" with subsequent formation of H202, atomic oxygen, and HO2' (2). In the presence of oxygen, increased amounts of the powerful and quantitatively important OH', as well as the less reactive but more persistent HG2', would be expected. Free-radical formation is also expected in normal oxidative metabolism. One mechanism by which molecular oxygen can be reduced is the compulsory univalent transfer of electrons described by Michaelis (3), according to which, in the presence of protons, one may expect the formation of OH', HO2', and H202. Daniels, et al. (4) have discussed the possible occurrence of an oxidizing free radical RO2' during the reduction of oxygen, and several other authors (5-10) have indicated the occurrence of free radicals 1 Based on work performed largely under Contract AF18-(600)556 with the

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Between 2013 and 2017 Universal Credit replaces six means-tested working age benefits. Backed by a punitive system of tiered sanctions and fines, Universal Credit represents a major expansion and intensification of personalised behavioural conditionality and indicates the ubiquity of conditionality at the heart of twenty-first century UK social citizenship.

Precise removal of nonmelanoma cancers with minimum damage to the surrounding normal skin is guided by the histopathologic examination of each excision during Mohs micrographic surgery. The preparation of frozen histopathology sections typically requires 20-45 min per excision. Real-time confocal reflectance microscopy offers an imaging method potentially to avoid frozen histopathology and prepare noninvasive (optical) sections within 5 min. Skin excisions ( approximately 1 mm thick) from Mohs surgeries were washed with 5% acetic acid and imaged with a confocal cross-polarized microscope. The confocal images were compared with the corresponding histopathology. Acetic acid causes compaction of chromatin that increases light back-scatter and makes the nuclei bright and easily detectable. Crossed-polarization strongly enhances the contrast of the nuclei because the compacted chromatin depolarizes the illumination light whereas the surrounding cytoplasm and normal dermis does not. Fast low-resolution examination of cancer lobules in wide fields of view followed by high-resolution inspection of nuclear morphology in small fields of view is possible; this is similar to the procedure for examining histopathology sections. Both the Mohs surgeon and the patient will potentially save several hours per day in the operating room. Fast confocal reflectance microscopic examination of excisions (of any thickness) may improve the management of surgical pathology and guide microsurgery of any human tissue.

This paper unpacks the contested inter-connections between neoliberal work and welfare regimes, asylum and immigration controls, and the exploitation of migrant workers. The concept of precarity is explored as a way of understanding intensifying and insecure post-Fordist work in late capitalism. Migrants are centrally implicated in highly precarious work experiences at the bottom end of labour markets in Global North countries, including becoming trapped in forced labour. Building on existing research on the working experiences of migrants in the Global North, the main part of the article considers three questions. First, what is precarity and how does the concept relate to working lives? Second, how might we understand the causes of extreme forms of migrant labour exploitation in precarious lifeworlds? Third, how can we adequately theorize these particular experiences using the conceptual tools of forced labour, slavery, unfreedom and precarity? We use the concept of 'hyper-precarity' alongside notions of a 'continuum of unfreedom' as a way of furthering human geographical inquiry into the intersections between various terrains of social action and conceptual debate concerning migrants' precarious working experiences.

Ex vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy can potentially expedite Mohs surgery in rapidly detecting large nodular basal cell carcinomas without conventional frozen histopathology. Further improvements in instrumentation and image quality are necessary to allow broader application and acceptance of this novel technology in Mohs surgery.

A widely recognised central tenet of New Labour's 'Third Way' is no rights without responsibilities. The extent to which this idea underpins the British government's approach to welfare reform has been extensively commented upon. Initially, the article places the UK reforms in the context of wider theoretical debates about welfare reform in Western states. It then highlights the ways in which a principle of conditionality is being practically applied in a wide range of sectors in the UK including; social security, housing, education, and health. The details and impact of recent relevant legislation and initiatives are discussed. It is argued that as policies based on conditional entitlement become central to the ongoing process of welfare reform the very idea of 'welfare rights' is systematically undermined.

Drawing on a recently completed qualitative study in a northern, English city this paper explores motivations and experiences of Accession 8 migrants who have entered the UK following the expansion of the European Union in 2004. The paper considers commonalities and differences among the group of migrants routinely referred to as A8 migrant workers/labourers. Diversity is apparent in respect of three particular aspects. First, the motivations and forms of movement undertaken. Second, their experiences of work within the UK paid labour market. Third, the extent to which the act and experience of migration offers new individual and collective opportunities and potentially opens up spaces for people to negotiate structural constraints and reconfigure aspects of their identity.