Environmental issues: The stability of the 1:1 hydrogen‐bonded complex formed between tri‐n‐butylphosphine oxide (A) and perfluoro‐tert‐butyl alcohol (DH) has been measured in a range of solvents. The association constants (Kexpt) span five orders of magnitude and are predicted (Kpred) remarkably accurately by a simple solvent competition model (see picture).
Campaigning activities of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have increased public awareness and concern regarding the alleged unethical and environmentally damaging practices of many major multinational companies. Companies have responded by developing corporate social responsibility strategies to demonstrate their commitment to both the societies within which they function and to the protection of the natural environment. This has often involved a move towards greater transparency in company practice and a desire to engage with stakeholders, often including many of the campaign organisations that have been at the forefront of the criticisms of their activity. This article examines the ways in which stakeholder dialogue has impacted upon the relationships between NGOs and businesses. In doing so, it contributes to the call for more 'stakeholder-focused' research in this field (Frooman in Acad Manag Rev 24(2): 191-205, 1999; Steurer in Bus Strategy Environ 15: 15-69 2006). By adopting a stakeholder lens, and focusing more heavily upon the impact on one particular stakeholder community (NGOs) and looking in depth at one form of engagement (stakeholder dialogue), this article examines how experiences of dialogue are strategically transforming interactions between businesses and NGOs. It shows how experiences of stakeholder dialogue have led to transformations in the drivers for engagement, transformations in the processes of engagement and transformations in the terms of engagement. Examining these areas of transformation, the article argues, reveals the interactions at play in framing and shaping the evolving relationships between business and its stakeholders.
This article examines the theoretical implications of the changing relationships between NGOs and businesses that have emerged as a response to the evolving agenda around CSR and Sustainable Development (SD). In particular it focuses upon examining whether greater engagement from NGOs in this area reflects a process of appropriation and co-optation of protest by the business community. To examine this process, the article considers two forms of appropriation -appropriation of language and appropriation via participation-as a basis for discussion. While cooptation pressures are identified within both areas, the article argues that co-optation is identified almost as an inevitable outcome of engagement without significant consideration of the ability of movements to identify and respond to these processes. In identifying an alternative approach, the article utilises Mouffe's framework of agonistic pluralism. Mouffe's framework, it is argued, provides an understanding of the way in which agonistic relationships are emerging between NGOs and businesses while highlighting the continuance of conflict between parties struggling to influence the contested interpretations of responsible business.This pressure to engage is evident within much of the discourse of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). In particular there has been increased recognition that companies have a responsibility to a far broader range of stakeholders than the traditional focus upon customers and shareholders (Andriof et al 2003). While businesses have responded to these pressures in diverse ways, there has been an expansion of stakeholder dialogue strategies and a desire by many companies to present themselves as more open and transparent. Corporates' apparent desire for greater openness has been received with mixed reactions from civil society actors. The opportunity to engage with the focal point of protest -often traditionally the political system but in this case corporations -raises a significant challenge for movement actors. Opportunities for engagement have brought concerns over the possibility of co-optation, a de-radicalisation of the movements and a diluting of issues to accommodate them within the established political order.This article examines the theoretical implications of these changing relationships between NGOs and businesses. It contributes to an emerging research agenda around stakeholding that is moving away from business-centred perspectives and towards a greater focus upon the stakeholders themselves (See Friedman and Miles 2002, Frooman 1999) and focuses upon how the pressure to engage and the experience of engagement is changing business/NGO relationships.Established social movement analysis consistently emphasises the extra-institutional focus and unconventional action repertoires, 1 as key dimensions to social movement identity (See for example Tarrow 1998, Touraine 1981, Melucci 1989. Inevitably therefore, processes of engagement with established institutions of power and authority are often identified as evidence of ...
Drawing on a recently completed qualitative study in a northern, English city this paper explores motivations and experiences of Accession 8 migrants who have entered the UK following the expansion of the European Union in 2004. The paper considers commonalities and differences among the group of migrants routinely referred to as A8 migrant workers/labourers. Diversity is apparent in respect of three particular aspects. First, the motivations and forms of movement undertaken. Second, their experiences of work within the UK paid labour market. Third, the extent to which the act and experience of migration offers new individual and collective opportunities and potentially opens up spaces for people to negotiate structural constraints and reconfigure aspects of their identity.
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