TIns artIcle mtroduces a novel model of pubhc partICipatIon ID pohtIcal decisions Structured ID three consecutive steps, the model IS based on the View that stakeholders, experts, and cItizens should each contnbute to the plannmg effort their partIcular expertIse and expenence Stakeholders are valuable resources for elICItIng concerns and developmg evaluatIve cntena smce theIr mterests are at stake and they have already made attempts to structure and approach the Issue Experts are necessary to proVide the data base and the functIonal relatIonshIps between OptIOns and Impacts CItIzens are the potentIal VictIms and benefactors of proposed plannmg measures, they are the best Judges to evaluate the dIfferent optIons avaIlable on the basIS of the concerns and Impacts revealed through the other two groups The three-step model has been developed and frequently applIed as a plannmg tool m West Germany We compare tIns expenence WIth the model's first apphcatIon m the UOlted States, and conclude that the three-step procedure offers a IImtted, but prolDls1Og future for democrattzmg polIcy makmg m the UOlted States
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