Poorly controlled insulin dependent diabetics showed impaired E-rosette forming ability compared to sex and age matched normal controls (34.8 + 3.1, n = 31 vs 55.5 _+ 1.7, n = 33; p < 0.001; mean + SEM). The reduction of E-rosette cells % was not related to the duration of diabetes, nor to fasting blood glucose levels. Incubation of lymphocytes from a subsequent series of 17 insulindependent diabetics with insulin (100 ~tU/ml) plus glucose (100 mg/100 ml) significantly increased Erosette formation (37.6 _+ 3.3 vs 47.0 _+ 2.2; p = 0.01); conversely glucagon (0.1 ~tg/ml) significantly impaired E-rosette forming ability of normal lymphocytes (51.5 + 3.6 vs 44.5 + 4.2; n-17; p < 0.01). No difference was observed in cAMP content of normal and diabetic lymphocytes, nor was Erosette forming ability related to intracellular cAMP content. Incubation with increasing glucose concentrations (up to 500mg/100ml) did not affect Erosette forming ability of normal lymphocytes. Incubation of normal lymphocytes with diluted (1:10) serum from sex and age matched insulin dependent diabetics impaired E-rosette forming ability to the level found in diabetics (61.1 + 2.9 vs 39.7 _+ 4.4; p < 0.001). The results of these in vitro experiments show that insulin and glucagon exhibit opposite effects on E-rosette forming ability and that undefined factor(s) present in diabetic serum may affect this T-cell function.

The author report a study of the relationship between symptomatic autonomic neuropathy and the response to simple cardiovascular autonomic tests (Valsalva maneuver, handgrip-test, detection of postural hypotension), in a large series of insulin-dependent diabetics (IDD). Symptoms of autonomic neuropathy were referred by 28 out of 130 IDD, prevalence and severity showed a clear relationship with the duration of diabetes. Only 4 out of 36 patients examined showed a pathologic response to the handgrip-test, while an abnormal Valsalva maneuver was evident in 24 out of 113 IDD. The data show that while the recognition of symptoms indicating a widespread autonomic derangement is rather easy, the diagnosis of autonomic neuropathy may be more difficult in the presence of mild or unspecific symptoms. The Valsalva maneuver exhibited the higher frequency of abnormal responses suggesting that the parasympathetic cardiovascular regulation may be impaired earlier than the sympathetic one. This early subclinical autonomic neuropathy may be due to metabolic or functional factors. Even if clinical consequences of an autonomic derangement of cardiovascular regulation may be serious, in our opinion subclinical impairment, being detectable in a large proportion of patients within the first year of disease, is unlikely to have a short-term severe prognostic value.