Rind color is an economically important agronomic trait in eggplant that impacts consumer preferences. However, the gene(s) regulating eggplant rind color have not been characterized. In this study, bulked segregant analysis (BSA) and kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) were employed to identify a candidate gene for eggplant rind color through constructing an F2 population generated from a cross between 'BL01' (green pericarp) and 'B1' (white pericarp). Genetic analysis of rind color revealed that a single dominant gene controls green color of eggplant peel. Pigment content measurement and cytological observations demonstrated that chlorophyll and carotenoid content and the number of chloroplasts and thylakoids in BL01 were higher than in B1. Using a BSA-seq method and a recombinant mapping strategy in F2 plants, a candidate gene (EGP19168.1) was fine-mapped to a 20.36 Kb interval on chromosome 8. The gene is predicted to encode the two-component response regulator-like protein Arabidopsis pseudo-response regulator2 (APRR2). Subsequently, allelic sequence analysis revealed that a single-base deletion in white-skinned eggplant led to a premature termination codon. A credible molecular marker closely linked to the candidate gene was developed to genotype 45 diverse eggplant germplasms, which could predict the trait of rind color (green and white) with a 91.1% accuracy rate. This study will be valuable for molecular marker-assisted selection in eggplant breeding and provides theoretical foundation for analyzing the formation mechanism of eggplant peel color.
Schisandra sphenanthera is an very important medicinal plant, and its main medicinal component is bioactive lignans, which has been developed over the years as an important cash crop in the central mountainous. The S. sphenanthera fruit has the characteristics of food and medicine homology, which is favored by the majority consumers, but the root, stem, and leaf are not fully used. Furthermore, the genetic characteristics of S. sphenanthera are rarely understood, thus hindering the study of functional genome and lignan biosynthesis. To better understand the lignan metabolic pathway, transcriptome and metabolome analysises were performed on four major tissues in S. sphenanthera. As a consequence, 167,972,229 transcripts and 91,215,760 unigenes with an average length of 752 bp were identified. Tissue-specific gene analysis revealed that the abundance of unique unigenes was highest in roots (9, 703), and lowest in leaves (189). Transcription factor analysis showed that MYB-, bHLH- and ERF-transcription factors, which played important roles in the regulation of secondary metabolism, showed rich expression patterns and may be involved in the regulation of the lignan metabolic processes. In the different tissues, lignans were preferentially enriched in fruits and roots by the genes expression profiles related to lignan metabolism and lignan compounds relative content. Furthermore, schisandrin B was found to be an important compound in S. sphenanthera. According to WGCNA analysis, PAL1, C4H-2, CAD1, CYB8, OMT27, OMT57, MYB8, bHLH3, and bHLH5 could be related to the accumulation of lignans in S. sphenanthera fruits, CCR5, SDH4, CYP8, CYP20 and ERF7 could be related to the accumulation of lignans in S. sphenanthera roots. In this study, the transcriptome sequencing and targeted metabolic analysis of lignins that will lay a foundation for further study of biosynthetic genes of lignin and other natural products in S. sphenanthera, and also provided a new idea for the rational utilization of different tissues of S. sphenanthera.
Fruit shape is an important agronomic trait in wax gourds [Benincasa hispida (Thunb) Cogn.]. However, the candidate genes for this important trait, and their genetic mechanisms, remain unknown. In this study, we identified a candidate gene for fruit shape in wax gourds using a next-generation sequencing-based bulked segregant analysis in F2 populations derived from a cross between GX-71 (long cylindrical fruit, FSI = 4.56) and MY-1 (round fruit, FSI = 1.06) genotypes. According to bulked segregant analysis, the candidate gene is located in the 17.18 Mb region on chromosome 2, and the kompetitive allele specific polymerase chain reaction (KASP) marker was used to reduce it to the 19.6 Kb region. There is only one gene in the corresponding region of the reference genome, Bch02G016830 (designated BFS). We sequenced BFS in six wax gourd varieties with different fruit shapes. Sequence analysis showed that there were two non-synonymous mutations in the spherical wax gourd and one non-synonymous mutation in the cylindrical wax gourd. Quantitative real‑time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that the expression of BFS in round fruits was significantly higher than in long cylindrical fruits at the ovary formation stage. Therefore, BFS is a candidate gene for determination of the fruit shape of wax gourds. The predicted protein encoded by the BFS gene belongs to the IQD protein family, which have the structural characteristics of scaffold proteins and coordinate Ca2+ CaM signaling from the membrane to the nucleus. The BFS gene can assist with the breeding of new varieties that possess ideal fruit shapes.
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