Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of mortality and reduced life expectancy. We aim to estimate the burden of diabetes by type, year, regions, and socioeconomic status in 195 countries and territories over the past 28 years, which provide information to achieve the goal of World Health Organization Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases in 2025. Data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Overall, the global burden of diabetes had increased significantly since 1990. Both the trend and magnitude of diabetes related diseases burden varied substantially across regions and countries. In 2017, global incidence, prevalence, death, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) associated with diabetes were 22.9 million, 476.0 million, 1.37 million, and 67.9 million, with a projection to 26.6 million, 570.9 million, 1.59 million, and 79.3 million in 2025, respectively. The trend of global type 2 diabetes burden was similar to that of total diabetes (including type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes), while global age-standardized rate of mortality and DALYs for type 1 diabetes declined. Globally, metabolic risks (high BMI) and behavioral factors (inappropriate diet, smoking, and low physical activity) contributed the most attributable death and DALYs of diabetes. These estimations could be useful in policy-making, priority setting, and resource allocation in diabetes prevention and treatment.

Aqueous electrolytes come with an intrinsic narrow electrochemical stability window (1.23 V). Expanding this window represents significant benefits in both fundamental science and practical battery applications. Recent breakthroughs made via super-concentration have resulted in >3.0 V windows, but fundamental understanding of the related mechanism is still absent. In the present work, we examined the widened window (2.55 V) of a super-concentrated (unsaturated) aqueous solution of LiNO 3 through both theoretical and spectral analyses and discovered that a local structure of intimate Li + -water interaction arises at super-concentration, generating (Li + (H 2 O) 2 ) n polymer-like chains to replace the ubiquitous hydrogen bonding between water molecules. Such structure is mainly responsible for the expanded electrochemical stability window. Further theoretical and experimental analyses quantitatively differentiate the contributions to this window, identifying the kinetic factor (desolvation) as the main contributor. Such molecular-level and quantitative understanding will further assist in tailor designing more effective approaches to stabilizing water electrochemically.

In this work, MgFePO is exploited as a cathode material for rechargeable Mg-ion batteries. FePO/C prepared via electrochemical delithiation of LiFePO/C is directly used as the cathode in aqueous Mg electrolyte, and reversible capacity is achieved for the first time. Notably, the capacity (82 mA h/g) is half of the theoretical value (164 mA h/g) and "asymmetric" discharge/charge behavior can be observed. In addition, first-principles calculations show it is the strong Mg-ion interactions between adjacent channels that not only limit the capacity of the cathode but also lead to the difference in rates for Mg-ion intercalation and deintercalation. This work provides experimental and theoretical evidence that reveal the mechanism of Mg-ion intercalation and deintercalation in a FePO host, which gives guidance in designing cathode materials for rechargeable batteries based on multivalent metal ions.

Both π–π interactions and hydrophobic interactions were found to be essential for the loading of doxorubicin on hydrophobically modified chitosan oligosaccharides.

In-situ activation for optimizing hierarchically meso-/microporous structure of hollow carbon shells which were produced using a simple calcination process with NaOH was demonstrated to effectively enhance the performance in supercapacitors. The electrical conductivity, pore structure and surface area of the material were tuned by adjusting the amount of NaOH. The optimized sample showed a specific capacitance of 374.3[Formula: see text]F g[Formula: see text] at a current density of 0.2[Formula: see text]A g[Formula: see text] and 191.0[Formula: see text]F g[Formula: see text] at 10[Formula: see text]A g[Formula: see text], with almost no degradation after 10,000 cycles.

The fusion solution is a significant factor for the effect of the cell electrofusion, traditional buffer solution is different from the cell culture solution, researchers would spend lots of time and money to move the cells from the culture solution (DMEM) into the fusion buffer. The aim of this study is to explore a new formula on the basis of DMEM solution instead of Zimmerman solution. Theoretically its feasible to instead of fusion solution when the ratio of DMEM solution and water is less than 9:500.

In this article, a facile method to measure pH and calcium content of different kinds of eggs by Ion-selective electrodes was presented successfully. First of all, we used pH electrode to measure the pH value of egg yolk and protein respectively. For the native egg, yolk’s pH was 6.20 and protein’s pH was around 9.45. But the fresh egg yolk was different from the native hen egg, yolk’s pH was 6.20 and protein’s pH was approximately 9.20. Then, we chose calcium ion selective electrode to measure calcium content in the eggs. When it came to calcium content, there was an obvious difference between the native hen egg and the fresh egg. Calcium contents in egg yolk of the former ones are higher than that of the latter. Ion-selective electrode with these advantages makes it possible to measure composition content rapidly of eggs. This paper may be a guide to expand its application scope, further research must be continued in order to achieve big success.

Objective: To investigate the antibacterial activities of blowfly larval induced by natural infection. Methods: The sterile larvae were mixed in a test tube containing a bacterial Escherichia coli (E coli) which was suspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and incubated at 25 °C for given periods, with sterilized PBS as the control group. Then the haemolymph was collected and tested against Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P aeruginosa), respectively. Diameter ring was recorded to indicate the antibacterial activities. Results: Infected larvae had better antibacterial capacities than sterile larvae. Antibacterial activities peak appeared at 24 hours and disappeared after 48 hours. The induced haemolymph from the larva possesses stronger antibacterial activity against S aureus than P aeruginosa. Conclusion: The sterile larva of blowfly, Lucilia sericata, antibacterial activities could be induced by a natural infection model.