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In this paper, we investigate the structure of the Cenozoic rift basin in the proximal domain of the northern South China Sea (SCS) margin, with an emphasis on the influence exerted by pre-existing basement faults on rift development. Results of our work indicate that the overall rift architecture of the proximal domain of the northern SCS margin is associated with extensional faults arranged in two main structural trends, WNW-to EW-trending and ENE-trending. Structural evidence presented in this paper suggests that extensional faults of the two main structural trends mainly reactivated two pre-existing basement fault systems mapped in previous works, a WNW-to EW-striking thrust fault system (PFS1) and an ENE-striking thrust fault system (PFS2). During the first rifting phase, both pre-existing fault systems were reactivated; however, strains and depocenters were mainly localized on the ENE-striking normal fault system that reactivated the PFS2. On the contrary, in the second rifting phase, extension was mainly accommodated by WNW-to EW-striking normal faults that reactivated the PFS1, while most of the earlier ENE-striking normal faults became inactive or less active. These different degrees of reactivation of the two pre-existing fault systems during the two rifting phases suggest a clockwise rotation of the regional extension direction from NNW-SSE in the Syn-rift stage 1 to N-S in the Syn-rift stage 2. This study implies that apart from Cenozoic tectonic processes, pre-existing structures have also played a key role during rifting evolution across the SCS margin.

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As an essential variable in linking water, carbon, and energy cycles, evapotranspiration (ET) is difficult to measure. Remote sensing, reanalysis, and land surface model-based ET products offer comprehensive alternatives at different spatio-temporal intervals, but their performance varies. In this study, we selected four popular ET global products: The Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model version 3.0a (GLEAM3.0a), the Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications-Land (MERRA-Land) project, the Global Land Data Assimilation System version 2.0 with the Noah model (GLDAS2.0-Noah) and the EartH2Observe ensemble (EartH2Observe-En). Then, we comprehensively evaluated the performance of these products over China using a stratification method, six validation criteria, and high-quality eddy covariance (EC) measurements at 12 sites. The aim of this research was to provide important quantitative information to improve and apply the ET models and to inform choices about the appropriate ET product for specific applications. Results showed that, within one stratification, the performance of each ET product based on a certain criterion differed among classifications of this stratification. Furthermore, the optimal ET (OET) among these products was identified by comparing the magnitudes of each criterion. Results suggested that, given a criterion (a stratification classification), the OETs varied among stratification classifications (the selected six criteria). In short, no product consistently performed best, according to the selected validation criterion. Thus, multi-source ET datasets should be employed in future studies to enhance confidence in ET-related conclusions.

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This paper presents the simulation and experimental study of the radiation pattern of a meander-line-coil EMAT. A wholly analytical method, which involves the coupling of two models: an analytical EM model and an analytical UT model, has been developed to build EMAT models and analyse the Rayleigh waves' beam directivity. For a specific sensor configuration, Lorentz forces are calculated using the EM analytical method, which is adapted from the classic Deeds and Dodd solution. The calculated Lorentz force density are imported to an analytical ultrasonic model as driven point sources, which produce the Rayleigh waves within a layered medium. The effect of the length of the meander-line-coil on the Rayleigh waves' beam directivity is analysed quantitatively and verified experimentally.