Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that localizes at sites of cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and mediates signalling events downstream of integrin engagement of the ECM. FAK is known to regulate cell survival, proliferation and migration. Areas covered: FAK expression has also been shown to be up-regulated in many cancer types. Previous study also indicates that FAK-mediated signaling and functions are intrinsically involved in the progression of tumor aggressiveness, suggesting that FAK is a promising target for anticancer therapies. Small molecule FAK inhibitors have been developed and are being tested in clinical phase trials. Expert Opinion: These inhibitors have demonstrated to be effective by inducing tumor cell apoptosis in addition to reducing metastasis and angiogenesis. In this review, we give updates on the design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship analysis of small molecule FAK inhibitors discovered from 2015 until now. We also review the FAK inhibitors that are in clinical development and highlight the future prospects.
Within the past ten years, a huge volume of research on the synthesis, structure-activity relationships (SAR), and anticancer activities of the urea derivatives was reported. Many aromatic urea derivatives such as N-phenyl-N'-(2-chloroethyl)ureas (CEUs) and benzoylureas (BUs) show good anticancer activity, and these compounds have mainly been proved to be tubulin ligands that inhibit the polymerization of tubulin. Heterocyclic urea derivatives play an important role in anticancer agents because of their good inhibitory activity against receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), raf kinases, protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), and NADH oxidase, which play critical roles in many aspects of tumorigenesis. Thiourea derivatives are also of wide interest because of their diverse anticancer activity against various leukemias and solid tumors. In this review, the anticancer activity of the urea derivatives mentioned above is summarized in detail. It is hoped that increasing knowledge of the SAR and cellular processes underlying the antitumor-activity of urea derivatives will be beneficial to the rational design of new generation of urea anticancer drugs.
Tyrosyl-DNA
phosphodiesterase I (TDP1) repairs stalled topoisomerase
I (Top1)–DNA covalent complexes and has been proposed to be
a promising and attractive target for cancer treatment. Inhibitors
of TDP1 could conceivably act synergistically with Top1 inhibitors
and thereby potentiate the effects of Top1 poisons. This study describes
the successful design and synthesis of 2-position-modified indenoisoquinolines
as dual Top1–TDP1 inhibitors using a structure-based drug design
approach. Enzyme inhibition studies indicate that indenoisoquinolines
modified at the 2-position with three-carbon side chains ending with
amino substituents show both promising Top1 and TDP1 inhibitory activity.
Molecular modeling of selected target compounds bound to Top1 and
TDP1 was used to rationalize the enzyme inhibition results and structure–activity
relationship analysis.
Responsive
nanocarriers with biocompatibility and precise drug
releasing capability have emerged as a prospective candidate for anticancer
treatment. However, the challenges imposed by the complicated preparation
process and limited loading capacities have seriously impeded the
development of novel multifunctional drug delivery systems. Here,
we developed a novel and dual-responsive nanocarrier based on a nanoscale
ZIF-8 core and an organosilica shell containing disulfide bridges
in its frameworks through a facile and efficient strategy. The prepared
ZIF-8@DOX@organosilica nanoparticles (ZDOS NPs) exhibited a well-defined
structure and excellent doxorubicin (DOX) loading capability (41.2%)
with pH and redox dual-sensitive release properties. The degradation
of the organosilica shell was observed after 12 h incubation with
a 10 mM reducing agent. Confocal imaging and flow cytometry analysis
further proved that the nanocarriers can efficiently enter cells and
complete intracellular DOX release under the low pH and high glutathione
concentrations, which resulted in an enhanced cytotoxicity of DOX
for cancer cells. Meanwhile, subcellular localization experiments
revealed that the ZDOS NPs entered cells mainly by endocytosis and
then escaped from lysosomes into the cytosol. Moreover, in vivo assays
also demonstrated that the ZDOS NPs exhibited negligible systemic
toxicity and significantly enhanced anticancer efficiencies compared
with free DOX. In summary, our prepared pH and redox dual-responsive
nanocarriers provide a potential platform for controlled release and
cancer treatment.
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