1 Araştırmalar / Researches ÖZET:Çalışan ve çalışmayan annelerin bebek beslenmesine yönelik davranışlarının incelenmesi Amaç: Çalışma, 6-12 aylık bebek sahibi olan çalışan ve çalışmayan annelerin bebek beslenmesine yönelik davranışlarının incelenmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirildi. Yöntem: Çalışma, Türkiye'nin doğu bölgesindeki bir il merkezinde, daha çok çalışan kadınların ikamet ettiği üç Aile Sağlığı Merkezi (ASM) bölgesinde 15 Eylül 2013-25 Ocak 2014 tarihleri arasında tanımla-yıcı olarak yapıldı. Evreni, çalışmanın yapıldığı tarihler arasında belirtilen bölgelerde ikamet eden 6-12 aylık bebeği olan anneler oluşturdu. Örneklem grubu seçimine gidilmeden evrenin tamamı ile çalışıldı. Çalışmaya katılmayı kabul etmeyen anneler araştırmaya dahil edilmedi. Çalışma, 78 çalışan anne ve 123 çalışmayan anne ile gerçekleştirildi. Veriler araştırmacı tarafından literatürdoğrultusunda hazır-lanan soru formu aracılığıyla yüzyüze görüşme yöntemi ile toplandı. Çalışmanın yapılabilmesi için etik kurul izni, resmi izinler ve annelerden aydınlatılmış onam alındı. Veriler, bilgisayar ortamında SPSS 18.0 paket programında; yüzdelik dağılım ve ki-kare ile değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Çalışan ve çalışmayan anneler arasında bebeğe verilen ilk besin, ilk üç günde geçici ek besin verme durumu, planlanan emzirmeye devam etme süresi, emzirmenin yoğunlaştığı zamanlar, emzirme öncesi meme temizliği yapma, meme rotasyonu yapma ve anne sütünü sağıp saklama durumuna göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulundu (p<0.05). Çalışmada, annelerin çalışma durumunun ek gıdaya başlama nedenlerini etkilediği saptandı (p<0.05). Çalışan annelerin çoğunluğunun 3-6 ayda işe dönüş yaptığı, doğum sonrası izinleri ve süt izinlerini yetersiz bulduğu belirlendi. Sonuç: Çalışma sonucunda çalışan ve çalışmayan annelerin 6-12 aylık bebek beslenmesi ile ilgili davranışlarını birbirinden farklı faktörlerden etkilendiği belirlendi. Bebek beslenmesiyle ilgili olarak çalı-şan ve çalışmayan annelerin ihtiyaçlarına uygun girişimler ve eğitimler yapılması önerilir. Anahtar kelimeler: Çalışan anne, çalışmayan anne, emzirme, anne sütü, beslenme ABSTRACT:Investigation of the attitudes of working and non-working mothers regarding infant feeding Objective: The study was conducted to investigate the attitudes of working and non-working mothers, who have babies aged 6-12 months, regarding infant feeding. Method: The study was carried out as a descriptive study in between September 15, 2013 and January 25, 2014 in three regions of Family Health Center (FHC) that accommodate mostly working women in a city center located in east Turkey. The study population consisted of the mothers having babies aged 6-12 months residing in these regions at the time of the research. The whole study population was studied without selecting any sample group. The mothers who have not accepted to participate in the research were not included in the study. The study was conducted with 78 working mothers and 123 non-working mothers. Data were collected by the researcher through a questionnaire prepared base...
CRISPR/Cas9 is one of the most robust technologies for plant breeding enabling precise and efficient modifications in a genome. This technology is being used for the manipulation of target genes in a host to develop resistance against the plant pathogens. Cucumis sativus elF4E is one of the target genes playing a key role in viral infection during interaction with potyvirus viral proteins genome linked (VPg). Nevertheless, the allelic and positional effect of elF4E mutations in C. sativus is to be clarified in elF4E-VPg interaction. In addition, there are entanglements in the massive production of pathogen-resistant cultivars suitable for commercial production using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Therefore, we targeted different positions of the elF4E in G27 and G247 inbred lines, using specific gRNA1 and gRNA2 for the first and third exons, respectively, and 1,221 transgene-free plants were selected in segregated T1 generation, where 192 G27 and 79 G247 plants had the least mutation at Cas9 cleavage site of gRNA1 or gRNA2. Crossing was performed to see allelic effects of elfF4E mutations in F1 populations, which were homozygous and heterozygous single (elF4E_1DEL or elF4E_3DEL) and double (elF4E_1-3DEL) mutants. Disease symptoms of watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), and zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) were evaluated in both non-edited and edited F1 plants, and we did not observe any symptom in homozygous elF4E_1-3DEL and elF4E_1DEL mutants. However, homozygous elF4E_3DEL was positive in reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), even if there were no significant symptoms on the inoculated leaves. ELISA and qRT-PCR indicated lower viral accumulation in homozygous elF4E_3DEL than heterozygous and non-edited plants. Regeneration and transformation protocols were also optimized comprehensively for both the genotypes. The average number of shoots/100 explants was determined for both G27 and G247 as 13.6 and 18.0, respectively. We could not detect any distinguishing difference between the non-edited and edited F1 plants for yield and morphology. Our results demonstrate an effective route for mass production of viral resistant cultivars of cucumber to WMV, ZYMV, and PRSV. In this way, the pathogen-resistant cultivars could be generated to reduce the losses caused by these pathogens in cucumber production.
Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) is a plant virus belonging to the Virgaviridae family; it significantly reduces pepper yield production worldwide. The PMMoV is spread by contaminated seeds and there is no chemical treatment available. Therefore, resistant pepper varieties containing the L4 gene are recommended for the management of PMMoV. A considerable amount of evidence suggests that the L4 gene confers resistance to PMMoV in pepper. The aim of the project is to confirm the status of the L4 gene for resistance to PMMoV in pepper varieties, several inoculations were performed on pepper plants containing L3, L4 resistant genes and susceptible pepper plants without the resistance genes. The L4 resistant plants produced mottling, mosaic, leaf curl, stem necrosis symptoms in the tested pepper plants but there was no amplicon observed with specific primers of PMMoV in RT-PCR analyses. To determine if the L3 and L4 genes are controlling resistance to PMMoV, RT-PCR analyzes were conducted using PMMoV and Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) where both viruses belong to the same family. The molecular studies revealed that the L4 gene controls resistance mechanisms to PMMoV but it is not able to govern Tobamovirus, ToBRFV. We showed that pepper plants harboring the L3 and L4 gene have the ability to precisely control the mechanism of resistance to PMMoV compared to pepper plants carrying only the L3 gene. A complete genome sequence of PMMoV was obtained and submitted to Genbank with MW523006 accessıon number in the NCBI system.
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