INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the second most common primary cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide [1]. The burden of global colon cancer is expected to increase to more than 2.2 million new cases and 1.1 million deaths by 2030 [2]. With advancements in medical treatment for CRC in recent decades, therapeutic interventions, including surgical resection, chemotherapy, adjuvant chemotherapy, radiation, and receptor-based targeted therapy, have had favorable effects on the prognosis of CRC [3]. However, recurrence and distant metastasis after surgical resection of CRC remain major complications in treatment [4]. The outcomes of first-line chemotherapeutics such as fluorouracil and oxaliplatin are compromised because of side effects or drug resistance [5]. For stage III CRC,
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