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Highly fluorescent water-soluble and nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NCDs) were synthesized by a simple one-pot hydrothermal method using citric acid as carbon source and urea as nitrogen source.

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Based on the broad-spectrum biological activities of echinopsine and acylhydrazones, a series of echinopsine derivatives containing acylhydrazone moieties have been designed, synthesized and their biological activities were evaluated for the first time. The bioassay results indicated that most of the compounds showed moderate to good antiviral activities against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), among which echinopsine (I) (inactivation activity, 49.5 ± 4.4%; curative activity, 46.1 ± 1.5%; protection activity, 42.6 ± 2.3%) and its derivatives 1 (inactivation activity, 44.9 ± 4.6%; curative activity, 39.8 ± 2.6%; protection activity, 47.3 ± 4.3%), 3 (inactivation activity, 47.9 ± 0.9%; curative activity, 43.7 ± 3.1%; protection activity, 44.6 ± 3.3%), 7 (inactivation activity, 46.2 ± 1.6%; curative activity, 45.0 ± 3.7%; protection activity, 41.7 ± 0.9%) showed higher anti-TMV activity in vivo at 500 mg/L than commercial ribavirin (inactivation activity, 38.9 ± 1.4%; curative activity, 39.2 ± 1.8%; protection activity, 36.4 ± 3.4%). Some compounds exhibited insecticidal activities against Plutella xylostella, Mythimna separate and Spodoptera frugiperda. Especially, compounds 7 and 27 displayed excellent insecticidal activities against Plutella xylostell (mortality 67 ± 6% and 53 ± 6%) even at 0.1 mg/L. Additionally, most echinopsine derivatives exhibited high fungicidal activities against Physalospora piricola and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

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Graphitic-like carbon nitride (g-CN) photocatalyst was synthesized by a facile chemical pyrolysis method, which was built on the self-condensation of different precursors to generate g-CN, e.g., melamine, urea, and thiocarbamide. And the different precursors produced a great influence on the photocatalytic activities of g-CN. Heterojunctions of g-CN and BiVO were synthesized using a facile solvent evaporation method. The formation of BiVO/g-CN composites were confirmed by XRD, FT-IR, SEM, XPS, and UV-Vis DRS. The photocatalytic activities for RhB degradation were evaluated under visible-light irradiation. The photocatalytic activity of g-CN prepared by urea was higher than that of g-CN prepared by melamine and thiocarbamide, which was attributed to its favorable dispersibility, larger specific surface area, and higher oxidation capacity. The heterojunction composites exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than pure g-CN or BiVO. The results showed obvious removal efficiency for RhB, and the optimal sample with a BiVO content of 10% exhibited higher efficiency than pure g-CN and BiVO, and 10 wt%BiVO/CN-U showed the highest photocatalytic activity. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of BiVO/g-CN composite can be attributed to the intimate coupling between the two host substrates, resulting in an efficient charge separation.

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