Screening and treatment may be influenced by the availability and advertisement of integrated services, institutional support, strong patient-provider relationships, and provider training and experience. For rural south central Appalachia women, limited mental health resources may make these factors even more salient.
The current study investigated a model explaining sexual assault victims' severity of trauma symptoms that incorporated multiple stigma constructs. Integrating the sexual assault literature with the stigma literature, this study sought to better understand trauma-related outcomes of sexual assault by examining three levels of stigma-cultural, social, and self. Results showed self-stigma was significantly and positively related to trauma symptom severity. Thus, results revealed that the internalized aspect of stigma served as a mechanism in the relation between sexual assault severity and increased levels of trauma symptom severity, highlighting the importance of assessing self-stigma in women reporting sexual assault experiences.
This study reports on the long-term outcomes of 360 men who were hospitalized for alcoholism during 1980 to 1984 and followed at 12 months and again 10 to 14 years later. At the 10/14-year follow-up, 96 (26.7%) men were confirmed as deceased; 255 (70.8%) men participated in the assessmenthnterview battery completed during baseline hospitalization. The battery consisted of psychosocial, alcoholrelated, and psychiatric measures. Two distinct but highly correlated outcome measures were selected: a clinical rating scale and a factor score. Overall, predictors from baseline and 12-month follow-up included age at intake hospitalization, alcoholism severity, social stability, drinking days, and antisocial personality disorder. Approximately 37% of the assessed survivors were either totally abstinent or drinking nonabusively throughout the 10114-year follow-up, whereas another 37% continued to drink abusively. Men who abstained or reduced alcohol intake reported better physical health at follow-up than those who continued to drink. Although our findings did not directly link alcoholism to death, they strongly indicate that chronic alcohol abuse may lead to premature death.
The Maine Scale was examined in three separate studies using hospitalized psychiatric patients in which adequate test-retest and independent interrater reliabilities were obtained. In an examination of construct validity, high scores on the nonparanoid subscale were associated with external locus of control; poor performance on Stanford-Binet vocabulary, the Expanded Similarities, and the Embedded Figures tests; conceptual overinclusion; slow reaction time; deviant word associations; and poor recall of word associations. Scores on the paranoid subscale did not correlate with any of the performance measures. In an examination of concurrent validity, the Maine Scale paranoid and nonparanoid subscales correlated significantly with the corresponding subscales of the Symptom Rating Scale and the Symptom-Sign Inventory. The Maine Scale subscales also correlated significantly with the Weighted Symptom-Sign Inventory and the New Haven Schizophrenia Index but were better able to discriminate between paranoid and schizophrenic categories than any of the other scales. Factor analyses showed a schizophrenic and paranoid factor in both studies. Reliability is discussed in relation to other diagnostic procedures, and suggestions are included for the use of the Maine Scale for research purposes.
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