Male hypogonadism is a condition in which the body does not produce enough of the testosterone hormone; the hormone that plays a key role in masculine growth and development during puberty. There is a clear need to increase the awareness of hypogonadism throughout the medical profession, especially in primary care physicians who are usually the first port of call for the patient. Hypogonadism can significantly reduce the quality of life and has resulted in the loss of livelihood and separation of couples, leading to divorce. It is also important for doctors to recognize that testosterone is not just a sex hormone. There is an important research being published to demonstrate that testosterone may have key actions on metabolism, on the vasculature, and on brain function, in addition to its well-known effects on bone and body composition. This article has been used as an introduction for the need to develop sensitive and reliable assays for sex hormones and for symptoms and treatment of hypogonadism.

Despite the fact that we live in an era of advanced technology and innovation, infectious diseases, like Tuberculosis (TB), continue to be one of the greatest health challenges worldwide. The main drawbacks of conventional TB treatment are the development of multiple drug resistance, resulting in high dose requirements and subsequent intolerable toxicity. Therefore there is a need of a new system have been receiving special attention with the aim of minimizing the side effects of drug therapy, such as poor bioavailability and the selectivity of drugs. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have considerable potential for treatment of TB. The important technological advantages of nanoparticles used as drug carriers are high stability, high carrier capacity, feasibility of incorporation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances, and feasibility of variable routes of administration, including oral application and inhalation. Nanoparticles can also be designed to allow controlled (sustained) drug release from the matrix. These properties of nanoparticles enable improvement of drug bioavailability and reduction of the dosing frequency, and may resolve the problem of nonadherence to prescribed therapy, which is one of the major obstacles in the control of TB epidemics. In this review, we discuss the challenges with the current treatment of the disease and shed light on the remarkable potential of nanotechnology to provide more effective treatment and prevention for TB.

Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS), which are self-administrable and non-invasive, can improve bioavailability and patient compliance by bypassing first-pass metabolism. Vesicular-based TDDS have attracted a lot of attention in recent years because they're designed for controlled, efficient, and targeted drug delivery. One of these delivery technologies, transferosomal-based formulations, has grown in popularity due to its ability to achieve all of the desired criteria and quality qualities. Transferosomes combine the characteristics of liposomes and niosomes because they contain both liposomes (phospholipids and cholesterols) and niosomes as components (nonionic surfactants; edge activators). as a result, they are referred to as the first generation of elastic liposomes. However transdermal drug delivery is difficult due to the presence of the skin's protective barrier, transferosomal drug delivery overcomes all obstacles due to its unique characteristics, such as its ultradeformable vesicular nature. The benefits, limitations, modes of penetration, formulations, production and assessment methodologies, and pharmaceutical uses of transferosomal drug delivery systems are discussed in this paper. Conclusion: Transferosomes have several importance over other vesicular systems, including greater deformability, greater penetration power across skin, the ability to deliver systemic drugs, and higher stability.