No abstract

No abstract

Objective To evaluate prevalence trends of hypospadias in South-America it is essential to perform multicenter and multinational studies with the same methodology. Herein we present systematic data as part of an international multicenter initiative evaluating congenital malformations in South America over a 24-year period.Materials and Methods A nested case-control study was conducted using the Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC), between January 1989 and December 2012. Cases were stratified as isolated (IH) and non-isolated hypospadias (NIH). Global prevalence was calculated and discriminated by country. Associations between birth weight and gestational age, and NIH distribution by associated abnormality and severity of hypospadias, were analyzed.Results A total of 159 hospitals from six countries participated, reporting surveillance on 4.020.384 newborns. A total of 4.537 hypospadias cases were detected, with a global prevalence of 11.3/10.000 newborns. Trend analyses showed in Chile, Brazil and Uruguay a statistically significant increase in prevalence. Analysis of severity and associated anomalies did not to find an association for distal cases, but did for proximal (RR=1.64 [95% CI=1.33-2.03]).Conclusion This is one of only a few Latin American multicenter studies reporting on the epidemiology of hypospadias in South America in the last two decades. Our data adds to evidence suggesting an increase in some countries in the region at different times. There were also variations in prevalence according to severity. This study adds to literature describing associated anomalies at a hospital-based level.

The mortality rate was very low compared to regional and local levels, and more infants presented with moderate perinatal asphyxia. These results coincide with literature reports. The high number of preterm births with DR emphasizes the importance of controlling the implementation of actions to reduce the risk factors associated with this condition.

Objective and setting: A nationwide study was performed in Cuba to assess vitamin A status and the intake of vitamin-A-providing foods in children aged 6-11 years. Design and subjects: The sample comprised 1191 schoolchildren from first to sixth grade, both sexes, from municipalities randomly selected from the five eastern provinces of Cuba in 2002 (first semester) and from the four western and four central provinces in 2003 (first semester). A food-frequency questionnaire was completed by 2038 mother-and-child pairs. Results: Mean (6standard deviation) plasma retinol concentrations were 1.77 6 0.48 mmol l 21 in the western, 2.01 6 0.56 mmol l 21 in the central and 1.40 6 0.41 mmol l 21 in the eastern region. No child had plasma retinol concentration below 0.35 mmol l 21

INTRODUCCIÓN Los métodos de evaluación nutricional son utilizados para medir los riesgos asociados a los desbalances nutricionales, así como para monitorear o evaluar el efecto de las intervenciones. Dentro de la evaluación nutricional, los métodos dietéticos son especialmente importantes porque identifican la primera etapa de una deficiencia nutricional (1); en ese sentido la cuantificación, con la mayor precisión posible, de la ingesta de

No abstract