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INTRODUCTION Anemia is a public health problem worldwide and is most prevalent in preschool children, for whom it is the most frequent cause of nutritional defi cits. In turn, iron defi ciency is the main cause of anemia, affecting 43% of children globally. Previous studies in Cuba show rates of iron defi ciency in preschool children between 38.6% and 57.6%, higher in infants (71.2% to 81.1%). WHO recommends using serum ferritin as an indicator of iron defi ciency accompanied by acute (C-reactive protein) and chronic (α1-acid glycoprotein) infl ammation biomarkers. OBJECTIVE Assess how infl ammation affects measuring and reporting of iron-defi ciency anemia rates in Cuban preschool children.METHODS Data were obtained from serum samples contained in the National Anemia and Iron Defi ciency Survey, and included presumably healthy preschool Cuban children (aged 6-59 months). Serum samples were collected from 1375 children from randomly selected provinces in 4 regions of the country from 2014 through 2018. We examined the association between ferritin and two infl ammatory biomarkers: C-reactive protein and α1-acid glycoprotein. Individual infl ammation-adjusted ferritin concentrations were calculated using four approaches: 1) a higher ferritin cut-off point (<30 g/L); 2) exclusion of subjects showing infl ammation (C-reactive protein >5 mg/L or α1-acid glycoprotein >1 g/L); 3) mathematical correction factor based on C-reactive protein or α1-acid glycoprotein; and 4) correction by regression with the method proposed by the Biomarkers Refl ecting Infl ammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia Group. We estimated confi dence intervals of differences between unadjusted prevalence and prevalence adjusted for infl ammation by each method. RESULTSThe proportion of children with infl ammation according to C-reactive protein concentrations >5 mg/L was lower (11.1%, 153/1375) than the proportion measured according to the concentrations of α1-acid glycoprotein, at >1 g/L (30.8%, 424/1375). The percentage of children with high concentrations of at least one of the aforementioned biomarkers was 32.7% (450/1375). Thus, each correction method increased the observed prevalence of iron defi ciency compared to unadjusted estimates (23%, 316/1375). This increase was more pronounced when using the internal regression correction method (based only on C-reactive protein) or the method based on a higher cut-off point. Adjustment using all four methods changed estimated iron defi ciency prevalence, increasing it from 0.1% to 8.8%, compared to unadjusted values. CONCLUSION One-third of preschool children had biomarkers indicating elevated infl ammation levels. Without adjusting for infl ammation, iron defi ciency prevalence was underestimated. The signifi cant disparity between unadjusted and infl ammationadjusted ferritin when using some approaches highlights the importance of selecting the right approach for accurate, corrected measurement. The internal regression correction approach is appropriate for epidemiological studies because...

Objective and setting: A nationwide study was performed in Cuba to assess vitamin A status and the intake of vitamin-A-providing foods in children aged 6-11 years. Design and subjects: The sample comprised 1191 schoolchildren from first to sixth grade, both sexes, from municipalities randomly selected from the five eastern provinces of Cuba in 2002 (first semester) and from the four western and four central provinces in 2003 (first semester). A food-frequency questionnaire was completed by 2038 mother-and-child pairs. Results: Mean (6standard deviation) plasma retinol concentrations were 1.77 6 0.48 mmol l 21 in the western, 2.01 6 0.56 mmol l 21 in the central and 1.40 6 0.41 mmol l 21 in the eastern region. No child had plasma retinol concentration below 0.35 mmol l 21

INTRODUCTION Ferritin is the best biomarker for assessing iron defi ciency, but ferritin concentrations increase with infl ammation. Several adjustment methods have been proposed to account for infl ammation's eff ect on iron biomarker interpretation. The most recent and highly recommended method uses linear regression models, but more research is needed on other models that may better defi ne iron status in children, particularly when distributions are heterogenous and in contexts where the eff ect of infl ammation on ferritin is not linear.OBJECTIVES Assess the utility and relevance of quadratic regression models and quantile quadratic regression models in adjusting ferritin concentration in the presence of infl ammation. METHODSWe used data from children aged under fi ve years, taken from Cuba's national anemia and iron defi ciency survey, which was carried out from 2015-2018 by the National Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology Institute. We included data from 1375 children aged 6 to 59 months and collected ferritin concentrations and two biomarkers for infl ammation: C-reactive protein and α-1 acid glycoprotein. Quadratic regression and quantile regression models were used to adjust for changes in ferritin concentration in the presence of infl ammation. RESULTSUnadjusted iron defi ciency prevalence was 23% (316/1375). Infl ammation-adjusted ferritin values increased iron-defi ciency prevalence by 2.6-4.5 percentage points when quadratic regression correction model was used, and by 2.8-6.2 when quantile regression was used. The increase when using the quantile regression correction model was more pronounced and statistically signifi cant when both infl ammation biomarkers were considered, but adjusted prevalence was similar between the two correction methods when only one biomarker was analyzed.CONCLUSIONS The use of quadratic regression and quantile quadratic regression models is a complementary strategy in adjusting ferritin for infl ammation, and is preferable to standard regression analysis when the linear model's basic assumptions are not met, or when it can be assumed that ferritin-infl ammation relationships within a subpopulation may deviate from average trends.KEYWORDS Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, C-reactive protein, anemia, iron defi ciency, ferritin, acute phase protein, Cuba

Introducción: La elevada prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad constituye un problema de salud en Cuba y no hay suficiente información sobre adolescentes. El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar la relación entre el exceso de peso y adiposidad con la actividad física, las horas de televisión y los hábitos alimentarios en adolescentes.Material y métodos: Se estudió a 604 adolescentes (edad, 12 años) de La Habana. Se analizaron: índice de masa corporal, composición corporal, antecedentes de obesidad en la niñez, actividad física, horas viendo televisión, consumo, hábitos y preferencias alimentarias. Se realizó estadística descriptiva y de asociación. Para el análisis de regresión logística se utilizó el exceso de peso y de adiposidad como variables dependientes.Resultados: El exceso de peso corporal fue más frecuente en los varones. Se encontró una alta prevalencia de exceso de adiposidad, el 49,8% en mujeres y el 37,8% en varones. Los varones (61,7%) fueron más activos que las mujeres (33,6%). De lunes a viernes, el 46,7% de los varones y el 55,9% de las mujeres dedicaron más de 2 h/día a ver televisión, que aumentó a más del 75% en ambos sexos los sábados y domingos. Realizar menos de 5-6 comidas/día duplicó el riesgo de tener exceso de peso; el sobrepeso corporal en la niñez también fue un factor de riesgo. No desayunar incrementó el riesgo de adiposidad casi al doble.Conclusiones: El exceso de peso, y especialmente el de adiposidad, puede ser considerado un problema de salud en los adolescentes estudiados. Se observó un consumo demasiado alto de azúcar, un tiempo excesivo viendo la televisión e insuficiente actividad física.

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This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency in women of reproductive age and the association with inflammation, global overweight, adiposity, and menorrhagia. A sample design of women of reproductive age from the Eastern, Central, and Havana Regions was carried out. Biochemical determinations of hemoglobin, serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptors, leukocytes, C-reactive protein, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, and homocysteine were performed. Serum ferritin was also adjusted by inflammation. Nutritional status was assessed, and menstrual characteristics were collected by survey. A total of 742 women were studied. The prevalence of anemia was 21.4%, iron storage deficiency at 16.0%, and erythropoietic dysfunction at 5.4%, with inflammation at 47.0% and elevated homocysteine at 18.6%. Global overweight was 46.2% and increased adiposity at 58.4%. Anemia is associated with iron deposition deficiency (OR = 3.023 (1.816–5.033)) and with erythropoietic deficiency (OR = 5.62 (3.03–10.39)), but not with inflammation, global overweight, and adiposity. Global overweight was found to be associated with inflammation (OR = 2.23 (1.41–3.53)). Anemia was associated with heavy menstrual bleeding (OR = 1.92 (1.34–2.76)). Homocysteine was associated with inflammation (OR = 2.05 (1.08–3.90)), but not with anemia. In conclusion, anemia in Cuba is classified as a moderate public health problem, but not iron deficiency. A high prevalence of overweight and obesity was found, associated with inflammation, but not with anemia or iron deficiency. Heavy menstrual bleeding is a factor associated with anemia.

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