Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (Pto) is the causal agent of the bacterial speck of tomato, which leads to significant economic losses in this crop. Pto inhabits the tomato phyllosphere, where the pathogen is highly exposed to light, among other environmental factors. Light represents a stressful condition and acts as a source of information associated with different plant defence levels. Here, we analysed the presence of both blue and red light photoreceptors in a group of Pseudomonas. In addition, we studied the effect of white, blue and red light on Pto features related to epiphytic fitness. While white and blue light inhibit motility, bacterial attachment to plant leaves is promoted. Moreover, these phenotypes are altered in a blue-light receptor mutant. These light-controlled changes during the epiphytic stage cause a reduction in virulence, highlighting the relevance of motility during the entry process to the plant apoplast. This study demonstrated the key role of light perception in the Pto phenotype switching and its effect on virulence.
This paper presents a critical analysis of various topologies for power circuits used in power line conditioners designed to attenuate or remove disturbances in the electric power system. By defining a series of merit figures, it becomes possible to appraise the desirable qualities shown by the technical and economical aspects in each configuration. There is also a description of the basic lines for designing practical equipment. Finally, experimental results of a novel topology which reconfigurates to UPS operation in the case of a power line failure are shown to confirm the validity of the prospective method. Index Terms-Active power filter, active power line conditioner, harmonic distortion, power quality.
<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Aim of our study is to gain a better knowledge about the isopod crustacean fauna of the abyssal Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCZ) located in the central Pacific Ocean. In total, we examined 22 EBS samples taken at 6 abyssal areas in the central pacific manganese nodule area (CCZ and DISCOL). The dataset comprised 619 specimens belonging to 187 species of four different isopod families: 91 species (48.6&#8201;% of total) belonging to Munnopsidae, 63 (33.6&#8201;%) to Desmosomatidae, 24 (12.8&#8201;%) to Haploniscidae and 9 (4.8&#8201;%) to Macrostylidae. The total number of species found was relatively similar between sites ranging from 38 (German Contractor area) to 50 species (French contractor area). 68 species were represented by singeletons. The ranges of distribution differ between families. In total 77&#8201;% of the species were recorded in a single area (and thus being unique for this specific area), 13.9&#8201;% in 2 areas, 5.3&#8201;% in 3 areas, 2.6&#8201;% in 4 areas and 1&#8201;% in 5 areas. The proportion of species present in a single area increased in this sequence: Munnopsidae (75.8&#8201;%), Desmosomatidae (77.7&#8201;%) and Haploniscidae (83&#8201;%). A total of 6 (66.6&#8201;%) out of 9 species of Macrostylidae was recorded in a single area contrasted by the most common species being from this family, Macrostylidae_<i>Macrostylis</i>_M05 with 46 specimens (present in all areas besides DISCOL) followed by several species of Munnopsidae with 10 or more specimens in the dataset. The CCZ areas show the highest number of shared species. Generally, the high diversity in each area is reflected by a low similarity between sampling areas. The rarefraction curves indicate that species richness is similar between areas, but the real number of species is still not sampled. The most distant areas from the central CCZ, the APEI3 and DISCOL, are the most different.</p>
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