Abstract:The concept of Agroecology is still not widely discussed in European countries. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present a qualitative and quantitative mixed analysis of this conceptualization based on research papers to provide initial answers to the following questions: How has the agroecology been used in terms of social movement, science and agricultural practice in the European countries? At which scales has it been applied? Which factors have influenced its application? Speech analysis and multivariable techniques are applied to systematized information. According to found results, the concept of agroecology is mainly conceived as science, then as practice and to a lesser degree as a social movement. There is a predominance of studies at plot level, with a tendency to include physical-biological factors; and at agroecosystem, regional and agri-food system levels, including designers, landscapes and consumers. There is a conceptual evolution in extensive quantitative and intensive qualitative standings when the agroecology incorporates more factors, such as economic, social, and, to a lesser extent, cultural and political, and becomes more transdisciplinary as a response to more complex phenomena that support the genesis and development of this concept. In this regard, a greater balance between its conceptions (science, practice and social movement) is recommended to achieve a better dialogue between abstract and empirical levels.
Objective: Analyze the contemporary scientific contributions of the Masters and Doctorate Graduate Program in Tropical Agroecosystems (PTA) taught at the Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Veracruz, facing the current challenges of Mexican agriculture. Design/methodology/approach: A bibliographic search was carried out in SCOPUS and Web of Science, on papers (N = 92) published during 2014-2019 by PTA research-professors. A textual analysis was carried out using Nvivo Software to identify the scientific contributions, based on problematic categories suggested by FAO for Mexico. Results: Scientific contributions are more prolific in relation to the increment of agricultural productivity (66 %), to a lesser extent in sustainable practices (14.9 %), articulation of public policies (10.6%), and initiating in adaptation and mitigation of climate risks (8.5 %). Limitations of the study/implications: Findings excluded publications not indexed in SCOPUS or Web of Science or out of the analyzed period. Findings/conclusions: The PTA shows social relevance in the generation of knowledge, with scientific contributions to the current challenges of Mexican agriculture. However, they have mainly focused on increasing agricultural productivity; this does not allow the achievement of the challenges of the PTA towards research processes aimed at trans discipline. This suggests a new research role that approach disciplinary interfaces.
La tipología de productores es una de las técnicas más utilizadas en el diseño de programas diferenciados para el sector agropecuario, su éxito depende de la eficiencia para la estratificación óptima. El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar las técnicas de Dalenius y Hodges y K-medias en términos de la eficiencia relativa para la estratificación óptima en la tipología de productores agropecuarios en México. La hipótesis fue que la técnica de Dalenius y Hodges es más eficiente que la de K-medias. La información de dos encuestas se analizó y contrastó; una de ellas aplicada a productores de malanga (Arum esculentum L.) y otra a ganaderos con bovinos de doble propósito. La información se capturó y analizó en el software Statistica v. 7. Las variables analizadas fueron: superficie, producción, jornales, e ingresos por la venta de malanga o ganado. Tres estratos o grupos se formaron, y por componentes principales se estratificaron con el primer componente principal y el método de Dalenius y Hodges, el cual se contrastó con la técnica de K-medias, ubicada en el módulo del análisis de conglomerados, en la misma interfaz de Statistica. Para la comparación de la eficiencia relativa de las variables, superficie sembrada de malanga y tamaño del rancho (ha), se utilizó el cociente de las varianzas de ambas técnicas de acuerdo con la fórmula de eficiencia relativa. Los resultados mostraron que ambas técnicas coincidieron en 87.5% en los productores de malanga y 91.6% en los productores con bovinos. Sin embargo la tipología obtenida por la técnica de Dalenius y Hodges es más eficiente que la del método de K-medias con análisis de conglomerados, debido a que minimiza la varianza entre estratos. Esta situación es similar a lo que ocurre cuando se utiliza el muestreo estratificado, del cual proviene la técnica de Dalenius y Hodges para estudiar poblaciones heterogéneas.
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