Abstract:The concept of Agroecology is still not widely discussed in European countries. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present a qualitative and quantitative mixed analysis of this conceptualization based on research papers to provide initial answers to the following questions: How has the agroecology been used in terms of social movement, science and agricultural practice in the European countries? At which scales has it been applied? Which factors have influenced its application? Speech analysis and multivariable techniques are applied to systematized information. According to found results, the concept of agroecology is mainly conceived as science, then as practice and to a lesser degree as a social movement. There is a predominance of studies at plot level, with a tendency to include physical-biological factors; and at agroecosystem, regional and agri-food system levels, including designers, landscapes and consumers. There is a conceptual evolution in extensive quantitative and intensive qualitative standings when the agroecology incorporates more factors, such as economic, social, and, to a lesser extent, cultural and political, and becomes more transdisciplinary as a response to more complex phenomena that support the genesis and development of this concept. In this regard, a greater balance between its conceptions (science, practice and social movement) is recommended to achieve a better dialogue between abstract and empirical levels.

During the summer of 1995 and subsequent years, bark cankers were observed in walnut trees (cv. Hartley grafted on Juglans hindsii) imported from California in 1978 growing in Badajoz, Spain. Two foci were found in an orchard of 200 ha where 80 walnut trees were affected. Cankers were observed on trunks and branches, and dark exudates staining the bark appeared mainly in summer. Isolations were performed from affected tissue using King's B medium, and Brenneria (Erwinia)-like colonies (1) were purified and characterized. Gram reaction, Kovacs' oxidase, O/F metabolism, aesculin hydrolysis, urease activity, and levan production were assayed for five isolates (1). Biochemical characterization was performed by the miniaturized API 20E, API 20NE, and API 50CH systems (BioMérieux, Marcy-l'Etoile, France) as recommended, except for incubations that were made at 25°C for 48 h. Analyses of the cellular fatty acids of selected isolates were performed as described by Sasser (2). They were also tested in indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using antisera obtained against the reference strain CFBP 1284 and one Spanish isolate. When compared to the reference strain from California, isolates were identified as Brenneria rubrifaciens (1,3) on the basis of physiological and biochemical characteristics, fatty acid profiles, and ELISA. Pathogenicity of two selected Spanish isolates was confirmed using three 2-year-old walnut trees per bacterial isolate by inoculating 108 CFU of each isolate in deep wounds made in the trunk at 40 and 80 cm from the crown. The reference strain and water were also inoculated as controls. Two months later, removal of the outer bark of walnut revealed typical dark lesions in the inner bark at all the inoculation sites on trees inoculated with the Spanish and reference strains, but no external cankers were observed. Four years later, these plants showed internal lesions (20 to 80 cm), from which B. rubrifaciens was reisolated far away from the inoculation site. To our knowledge this is the first report of this bacterium in Europe. References: (1) L. Hauben et al. Syst. Appl. Microbiol 21:384, 1998. (2) M. Sasser. Pages 199–204 in: Methods in Phytobacteriology. Budapest, Hungary, 1990. (3) E. Wilson et al. Phytopathology 57:618, 1966.

Identity diffusion is a core element of the borderline personality organization. A valid and reliable assessment tool is needed to identify at-risk adolescents in the Italian context. In this study, we investigated the psychometric properties of the Assessment of Identity Development in Adolescence (AIDA), designed to assess identity diffusion vs. identity integration, in an Italian sample (N = 1,102) of clinical and nonclinical adolescents. Explorative structural equation modelling fit the expected bi-factor structure with one pathology-related general factor and 6 specific factors (CFI = .905, RMSEA = 0.036). Internal consistency Cronbach's alphas were high with .94 for the AIDA total scale and adequate for the six subscales with .68 to .81. Results supported convergent validity with measures of borderline personality features (BPFSC-11), as well as discriminant validity with identity dimensions in ideological and interpersonal domains (UMICS). The AIDA total score Identity Diffusion differed with significance p < .001 and with a large effect size of d = 1.5 standard deviations between the general population sample and N= 55 patients diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder. AIDA is a valid and reliable measure to assess adolescents' identity pathology within the Italian context.

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El objetivo de la investigación fue estimar el ingreso económico en un sistema cacaotal a partir de la sustitución de árboles de sombra muertos por árboles de pimienta y pronosticar el comportamiento del agroecosistema cacaotal al enriquecimiento con especies de alto valor comercial. Se realizó la investigación en los predios El Cometa y La Ceiba ubicados en el municipio de Comalcalco, Tabasco. En el sitio El Cometa, se registró la cantidad de árboles de pimienta, en cada una de ellas se midieron el diámetro a la altura del pecho, altura total, fuste limpio y se registró la cantidad de producción por árbol. Además, se registró la última producción de la cosecha obtenida para el cacao. En el segundo sitio, La Ceiba, se registró la cantidad de árboles forestales asociadas con el sistema agroforestal cacao. Para cada árbol se midió el DAP, altura total y fuste limpio. Con esto se obtuvo el área basal por individuo, para luego calcular el volumen comercial (vc) total de cada especie. Obtenido el vc (m3r) se obtuvo el precio de cada especie para ser colocado en el mercado. Cedrela odorata (L.) Gaertn, Swietenia macrophylla King y Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn., estas fueron las especies que registran un mejor valor en el mercado de la madera nacional e internacional.

A b s t r a c t. The purpose of this study was to evaluate growth, chlorophyll content, and photosynthesis in Jatropha at different levels of soil moisture. Plants were cultivated in containers and the treatments of the soil water content evaluated were: 0% (without watering), 20, 40, 60, and 80% soil water content. Plant height was statistically similar for all treatments, but the number of leaves differed significantly. Total dry matter and chlorophyll at 40, 60, and 80% soil water content were statistically similar, but different from 0 and 20% soil water content. Leaf area at 40, 60, and 80% soil water content was statistically different from 0 and 20% soil water content. The photosynthetic rate, transpiration and stomatal conductance at 60 and 80% soil water content were statistically similar but different from 0 and 20% soil water content. Water stress affected growth, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, transpiration, and stomatal conductance.K e y w o r d s: Jatropha, water stress, biodiesel, photosynthesis, Mexico

In this text it is set as a goal the development of an aggregate index for assessing sustainability in the three agroecosystem groups present in the watershed Paso de Ovejas 1 and it was hypothesized that the systems with presence of stockbreeding would have a greater sustainability due to a complementary use of the resources. For the present study, agricultural sustainability was defined as the process of getting agricultural products that meet the population needs through a set of agricultural practices that conserve and improve the quantity and quality of natural resources, and thus ensure their permanence and enhance the performance of the AES over time.

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