No abstract

The effects of exercise on kidney function have been studied for more than three decades. One of the most common health issues among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a lack of physical activity, which leads to a low exercise capacity in these patients. The majority of maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients do not exercise at all. At each stage of dialysis, patients lose 10–12 g of their amino acids through blood sampling. Dialysis also leads to increased cortisol and circadian rhythm sleep disorders in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Studies have also reported higher C-reactive protein levels in HD patients, which causes arterial stiffness. Exercise has a variety of health benefits in these patients, including improved blood pressure control, better sleep, higher physical function, and reduced anxiety and depression. On the other hand, it should be noted that intense exercise has the potential to progress KD, especially when conducted in hot weather with dehydration. This review aimed to investigate the effects of different types of exercise on kidney disease and provide exercise guidelines. In conclusion, moderate-intensity and long-term exercise (for at least a 6-month period), with consideration of the principles of exercise (individualization, intensity, time, etc.), can be used as an adjunctive treatment strategy in patients undergoing dialysis or kidney transplantation.

Aim: To investigate the effects of a 10-day tapering on the metabolic and hematologic changes and a 200 m crawl swimming record. Methods:Eighteen male recreational swimmers (11-17 years) underwent an eight-week vigorous-intensity endurance training (3 sessions per week, 90 minutes per session). Participants' swimming records were obtained at the end of the training period, and blood samples were drawn. After that, the taper group (TP) underwent a 10-day taper program (training volume reduced by 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60% in the first four sessions and 70% in the last session), while the control group (CG) kept their training load. At the end of the tapering period, 200 m crawl swimming time was recorded, and a blood sample was collected to assess metabolic and hematologic factors. Results: 200 m swimming record was improved in the TP (149±17s) compared to the Co (173±21s) (p < 0.05). In addition, creatine phosphokinase, creatinine, urea, uric acid, and lactate dehydrogenase significantly decreased after tapering (p < 0.05). However, hematological factors did not show any significant changes between groups. Furthermore, no significant correlation between swimming records and measured parameters was found. Conclusion: Our results showed that ten days of tapering could improve the 200 m swimming record and metabolic but not the hematological profile in young male recreational swimmers.

Background: Aerobic exercise with Blood Flow Restriction (BFR) plays an important role in skeletal muscle adaptation; however, the effects of this type of exercise on mitochondrial dynamics proteins are unclear. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise with and without BFR on mitochondrial dynamics proteins of human skeletal muscles. Methods: Participants were 5 young men (mean age, 33.4±2.30 years; mean weight, 79.64±10.49 kg; BMI, 26.24±2.27 kg/m2). They performed aerobic exercise with BFR (AE+BFR) and without BFR (AE) in two separate days at five 2-min sessions and 1 min rest between the sessions. Western Blot method was used to measure the protein levels of Mitofusin 2 (MFN2) and Dynamin-Related Protein 1 (DRP1) in skeletal muscles. Findings: AE+BFR (1.02±0.05 vs. 0.77±0.03) and AE (0.65±0.08 vs 0.57±0.03) significantly increased the mean MFN2 protein level compared to the pre-test mean values (P<0.05). AE+BFR (3.54±0.46 and 5.01±0.66) and AE (3.38±0.38 vs. 2.82±0.59) also significantly reduced the mean DRP1 level (P<0.05). Moreover, AE+BFR had greater significant effect on the mean levels of MFN2 (0.24±0.01 vs. 0.08±0.04) and DRP1 (-1.46±0.22 vs. -0.33±0.12) compared to AE (P<0.05). Conclusion: It seems that aerobic exercise with BFR is a strong stimulant for the improvement of skeletal muscle mitochondrial dynamics.