A multiplex methodology using two nuclease-resistant molecular beacons that target specific genomic regions of adenovirus 2 and echovirus 17 during simultaneous infection in A549 cells is presented. Using fluorescence microscopy, visualization of enteroviral and adenoviral replication was possible within 3 h postinfection.
Naegleria fowleri is a free‐living protozoan that causes the fatal disease primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. The only cases associated with drinking water have occurred in Australia and Arizona. One study found N. fowleri in 8% (n = 143) of all municipal untreated drinking water wells tested. The C × T values (concentration × contact time) for chlorine inactivation of N. fowleri trophozoites and cysts at an average disinfectant concentration of 1 mg/L were determined using the efficiency factor Hom kinetic model. The estimated C × T values for N. fowleri cysts are comparable to the published values for Giardia lamblia cysts, but are lower than those for Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. In this study, the ultraviolet light dosage required to inactivate the cyst stage of N. fowleri was determined to be greater than that of Cryptosporidium oocysts but less than that of Acanthamoeba cysts.
Naegleria fowleri is a water-based protozoan found naturally in soil and warm waters. The deaths of two children due to N. fowleri in the Phoenix, Arizona, metropolitan area occurred in 2002, and the drinking water obtained from groundwater was found to be the source of the exposure. A survey was conducted of municipal drinking water wells in central and southern Arizona. N. fowleri was identified in 11 of 143 wells tested. The calculated Ct (chlorine concentration × time) for N. fowleri cysts by free chlorine was 31 for a 99% reduction at room temperature, pH 7.5 and trophozoites 6. Chlorination can be used to control N. fowleri transmission via drinking water with appropriate guidance related to proper dosages and contact times.
Oral cavity of children is often encountered by a wide range of viral infections but receive less attention as it is generally present as an unspecific symptom of several diseases that leads to its diagnostic challenges.Thus, this article focuses on the clinical presentation i.e. both oral and systemic manifestations of the infection, their diagnosis, differential diagnosis, prevention and treatment that can give a thorough knowledge to the pediatric dentists about some commonly encountered viral infections in the child,and can help them for carrying out a multidisciplinary approach with the general practitioners and specialists for the proper diagnosis and effective treatment of the child.
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