In this paper, we have investigated 18 water samples collected from various sources, e.g., surface, underground and river water, as specimens for their sodium and potassium ions content in and around Dhanbad, a mining town, using the flame photometry. We have plotted the contour maps to show the spatial distributions of the dissolved sodium and potassium cations in the groundwater and surface water sources in and around the Dhanbad city to identify the relative contributions of human and natural phenomena to it. Along with it, water quality index (WQI) is calculated to evaluate whether the collected surface, ground and river water samples are fit for human consumption for the residents of those areas. The water of Maithan Dam has been observed to have the least sodium and potassium concentrations of 16 mg/l and 7 mg/l, respectively, which make it most suitable for human consumption. The water of Rani Talab Pond has the highest sodium and potassium contents of 49 mg/l and 24 mg/l. WQI values of all the samples are found to be less than 50, which indicates they are safe to consume by the humans. Reduction in the use of pesticides, potassium permanganate and water softeners is recommended to maintain WQI of the Dhanbad city within safe limit.
Advances in information technology (IT) have been critical to the USA for maintaining its competitive edge in the global economy, and the role of workers on the H-1B visa has been central in this process since the 1990s. The H-1B visa program, which allows US employers to hire skilled foreign workers on a temporary basis, enabled the recruitment of thousands of IT professionals, the majority of whom has been from India. Based on 40 in-depth interviews with Indian IT workers in the USA, this paper illustrates how the interplay between visa policies and flexible hiring in IT marginalizes this workforce. As a result of their fragile immigration status under H-1B visa terms, these workers are disproportionately employed as contract labor in an exploitative system of subcontracting. As an employment-based visa, the H-1B makes these workers dependent on their visasponsoring employers for immigration status and livelihood. The 426 • Banerjee compulsion to remain employed and legal drives H-1B employees to accept severely exploitative work conditions, including wage cuts, deduction of commissions from hourly wages, lack of benefits, and frequent relocations. Theoretical insights from Asian-American studies, which foreground the historical nexus between US immigration policies and the gendered racialization of immigration, anchor the analyses of how current visa policies sustain the exigencies of late-capital.
Triangulation discourse perpetuates a hypermasculine war game that is also colonizing in nature. Participation in and complicity with this model of international relations relegate the postcolonial state to a position of subaltern "mimicry" that aims, constantly, to demonstrate its national "manhood," so to speak. We need to change not just "the rules" but also "the game" altogether. We can begin by recognizing other relations, traditions, and ways of being. We focus on USIndiaChina relations as an example.
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