Aflatoxin, the secondary toxic metabolite of Aspergillus species, particularly aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus and parasiticus, has a detrimental effect on poultry health and production. There exists some information gap about the magnitudes of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species and aflatoxin in poultry feeds in the study area. Thus, the study was conducted to estimate the magnitude and assess the related potential factors of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species with evaluations of the level of aflatoxin B1 in stored poultry feed at selected farms in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study design was carried out on 374 poultry feed samples recruited by using a stratified simple random sampling technique. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to assess the level of knowledge and prevention practices associated with aflatoxin in poultry feed. The isolation of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species was made by Aspergillus flavus parasiticus media, and aflatoxin B1 was estimated by aflatoxin B1 enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay. Results showed that the magnitude of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species was 72.5% (95% CI: 67.6–76.9). The odds at which the species isolated were higher ( p < 0.05 ) in feeds stored more than two months (AOR = 2.69), the presence of rodents in the storing room (AOR = 2.67), feeds having high moisture content (AOR = 1.5), and feed ingredient types (AOR = 4.3) compared to their counter parts. Only 34.4 and 32.8 percent of the respondents have better knowledge and apply prevention practice about fungal contamination and aflatoxin production in poultry feed, respectively. The occurrence of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species in poultry feed was associated with the presence of rodents in the feed storing room with long storing period and high moisture contents of the feed. The knowledge and prevention practices employed by farm managers and workers about fungal contamination and aflatoxin in poultry feed are found low.
The present study was designed to determine the prevalence of sarcoptic mange from camels; evaluate the presence of secondary metabolites in the methanolic leaf extracts of D. angustifolia M. ferruginea, E. abyssinica, and E. globulus essential oil; and also evaluate their in vitro acaricidal efficacy against camel sarcoptic mange in the Babile District, Ethiopia. Each plant was subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening for the presence or absence of secondary metabolites. The in vitro application of each plant extracts was carried out against clinical mange mites with positive and negative controls. Accordingly, a total of 384 camels were examined for the presence of Sarcoptes scabiei var. cameli. The study revealed that an overall prevalence of 67(15.9%) animals was infested by mange mites. The study showed that a higher prevalence was observed in female camel than in male camel with no statistically significant difference ( P > 0.05 ). However, statistically higher prevalence ( P < 0.05 ) was recorded in young camel (28.2%) than adult (10.95%). The study also revealed that statistically higher prevalence ( P < 0.05 ) was observed in poor body conditioned camel (26.3%) than medium (13.5%) and good body condition camels (5.4%). For the in vitro evaluation of the efficacy of plant extracts, essential oils and crude extracts of four medicinal plant extracts were diluted at different concentrations from 200 mg/mL to 6.25 mg/mL and added to Petri dishes containing the adult stage of Sarcoptes scabiei. The efficacy of each plant was determined by comparing the mortality of mites treated with plant extracts with those of mites in nontreated (2% Tween 80) and treated (diazinon) control plates. After 3 h of contact, all concentrations of E. globulus, D. angustifolia, M. ferruginea, and E. abyssinica showed good in vitro acaricidal efficacy compared to controls nontreated control ( P < 0.05 ). After 3 h of exposure to the methanolic extract of D. angustifolia and the essential oil of E. globulus, comparable acaricidal efficacy in causing mites mortality at concentrations of 200 mg/mL has been recorded when compared to reference drugs. The crude extract of E. abyssinica showed a lower acaricidal efficacy compared to reference drugs. The present plant extracts studied showed comparable acaricidal efficacy to reference drugs at concentrations of 200 mg/mL. Therefore, further epidemiological and in vivo acaricidal studies as well as toxicity of the plants should be conducted in area to use these plants as alternative treatment option to substitute the use of synthetic drugs for which most of mites developed resistance and control impacts Sarcoptes scabiei on camel.
Background: Salmonella is a leading cause of food-borne illness in many countries with eggs and poultry being important vehicles of transmission and display high natural susceptibility levels to the most commonly used antibacterial agents. The study was carried out to estimate the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella spp. isolated from fresh raw chicken eggs collected from MizanTeferi town, South Eastern, Ethiopia. Results: From the total of 366 eggs examined for Salmonella spp, 27(7.4%) were positive, of which 23 (6.3%) and 4 (1.1%) were isolated from egg shell and egg content, respectively. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in egg and egg content from open market (7.6%), (1.6%) was significantly higher than the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in poultry farm (7.1%), (0.5%) (P<0.05) respectively. Ciprofloxacin (85.2%) showed maximum susceptibility, followed by tetracycline (77.7%) and gentamycin (66.6%). Clindamycin was the most resisted (51.8%), followed by ampicillin (44.4%), amoxicillin (40.7%) and erythromycin (33.3%). Most of the isolates are resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents tested. Questionnaire survey was also carried out on 200 consumers and egg sellers (100 from each group). Their preferred form of egg consumption revealed that 67.5% egg consumers preferred only cooked eggs while 32.5% egg consumers showed preference for raw eggs. Twenty nine (44.6%) respondents who practiced eating raw eggs faced problems like nausea and vomiting, abdominal discomfort and diarrhea, while thirty six (55.4%) faced no problems following raw eggs consumption. Conclusion: To minimize the potential contamination of the egg by the pathogen, they should be properly handled, transported, cooked and kept appropriately. In general, public health measures such as improved food hygiene and health education are of paramount importance.
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