The paper presents how the parameters defining the state of the atmosphere: pressure, temperature, humidity, are affecting performance of the aircraft turbine engines and their durability. Also negative impact of dust pollution level is considered as an important source of engine deterioration. Article highlights limitation of the aircraft takeoff weight (TOW) and requirements for length of the runways depending on weather condition changes. These problems stem from the growing “demand” of gas turbine engines for an air. The highest thrust engines have air mass flow more than 1000 kg/s. Engine inlet ice formation is presented as a result of weather conditions and inlet duct design features.
Purpose Currently, in many countries, aviation safety regulations allow piston engines exploitation above Time Between Overhaul (TBO) recommended by manufacturers. Upon fulfillment of certain requirements, which are already included in the manufacturers’ documentation, TBO extension is granted. National Aviation Authority has approved exploitation of piston engines to something like quasi on-condition maintenance, which has no technical proof behind. This leads to the conclusion that the current, simple way of the engine’s life extension is not the best solution for maintaining flight safety. Aircraft piston engines TBO extension requires changes in the current exploitation system. Design/methodology/approach The paper provides methodology for aircraft piston engines on-condition exploitation based on engine flight parameters (from cruise and takeoff) and engine oil particles analysis. The paper describes a method of diagnostic limits for certain engine parameters and elements in the oil assignation assuming that they come under rules of normal distribution. Findings It has been found that piston engines installed on maximum takeoff mass <5,700 kg class aircraft are the second biggest contributor as a source of aviation events, thereby having a significant impact on aviation safety. Engine flight parameters and elements content in the oil meet Gaussian rules. Practical implications Introduction of the engine on-condition exploitation into operation practices reduces the operator’s engine direct maintenance cost and increases technical knowledge of the employees and has a positive impact on flight safety. Originality/value It is the first scientific description in Poland, which proposes an empirically proved methodology of the aviation piston engines on-condition exploitation.
Safety performance indicators are the parameters used for monitoring and assessing safety performance. Such factors are determined based on available safety databases, collected on government level (in Poland Civil Aviation Authority) or by aircraft operators. Aircraft system failure during different flight phases can cause an accident or an incident. Polish Civil Aviation Authority between other data bases manages two important ones called: European Coordination Centre for Aviation Incident Reporting Systems (ECCAIRS) and Aircraft Continuing Airworthiness Monitoring (ACAM).General Aviation (GA) operates mainly aircraft with MTOM<5700 kg powered by the single piston engine. At present, reliability of GA aircraft systems in Poland is unknown. Increasing size of this fleet in Poland requires taking necessary measures in order to establish safety risks and safety performance targets for GA fleet. The authors have performed processing of the data included in available databases analysing airframe failures based on criteria like: phases of flight, ATA chapters concerning aircraft systems and the category of occurrence. The goal of this article is to present method of the current reliability of GA aircraft systems assessment. The results of this analysis can support the decisions of supervisory authorities in the areas where security threats are most important also can help production organizations in identification of the aircraft systems, which required design changes.
Aircraft engine failure during different aircraft flight phases can cause accidents or incidents. ICAO Annex 19 requires from each state establishing the state safety program (SSP) and from the subordinate aviation organizations safety management system (SMS). Point 5.2.1 of Annex 19 instructs to establish safety database, which should be used for effective analysis of actual and potential safety deficiencies. Such analysis should lead to determining necessary measures in order to improve safety. Polish Civil Aviation Authority among other databases manages an important one called European Coordination Centre for Aviation Incident Reporting Systems (ECCAIRS). The authors have done a laborious processing of the data contained in that database analysing engine failures based on criteria like phases of flight, ATA chapters concerning powerplant and category of the occurrence. Separately, under consideration were taken engines installed on aircraft with an MTOM <5700 kg (mainly General Aviation) and for aircraft with MTOM > 5700 kg (commercial aviation). The article presents a proposed method of predicting the number of events, the alert levels for the next years and for ATA chapters' determination, assuming a normal distribution (Gaussian). It is one of the first attempts to use the actual data contained in the database of events in Poland. The results of this analysis can support the decisions of supervisory authorities in the areas where security threats are most important.
This article examines, based on the available information and authors’ self-assessments, the environmental impact of turbine engine exhaust gases effect on the environment in the airport space during engines flight phases in the landing and takeoff cycle (LTO). The attention of aviation professionals is drawn to the fact that the amount of exhaust from the turbine engine is so significant that it may adversely change the ambient air at the airport. Consequently, increased emission level of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) during engine start-up and idle may pose a threat to the health of ramp staff. Also, high emission levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx) during takeoff, climb, cruise and descent is not without importance for the environment around the airport space. The paper gives CO2, HC, CO and NOx emission estimations based on ICAO Engine Emission Data Bank and the number of passenger operations at a medium-sized airport. It also provides calculation results of aircraft CO2, HC, CO and NOx emission using average times of aircraft maneuvers taken from aircraft Flight Data Recorder (FDR) in the LTO cycle various aircraft types at the airport. The latter, based on actual maneuvering times, lead to significantly reduced estimates of toxic exhaust gas emission volumes.
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