This paper presents a method of development concerning maps of changes in the population distribution in Poland after the Second World War . The phenomenon is presented by means of isolinear maps based of the population density index. The resulting maps illustrate the population distribution in intervals of approximately 10 years. Moreover, the changes themselves are presented in balance maps corresponding to periods between the selected dates. The maps highlight spatial changes in the population distribution in Poland. The key task was to develop a method of preparing maps providing an objective and comparable image of the population distribution. This was obtained by means of the isoline method with the application of a multipoint representation of administrative units (basic fields) differing in terms of area and shape. Comparability was also achieved through the appropriate preparation of standardised map legends (colour scales and isoline interval). The maps were prepared in scales of 1:8,000,000 (state maps) and 1:400,000 (change/balance maps). ARTICLE HISTORY
Roślinność staje się coraz wyżej cenionym składnikiem terenów zurbanizowanych. Podkreśla się coraz większe znaczenie zieleni jako środka ochrony człowieka i jego środowiska życia w obliczu nieustannych przemian krajobrazu miejskiego i postępującej urbanizacji. W artykule opisano sposób wykorzystania zdjęć satelitarnego z satelity Ikonos-2 do pozyskania informacji na temat struktury przestrzennej terenów zieleni w mieście Lublin. Wysokorozdzielcze zdjęcie satelitarne, które oprócz pasm promieniowania elektromagnetycznego widzialnego rejestruje również zakres bliskiej podczerwieni posłużyło do obliczenie znormalizowanego wskaźnika roślinności (NDVI). Obraz NDVI został wykorzystany do klasyfikacji nadzorowanej treści zdjęcia. W efekcie otrzymano obraz rozkładu przestrzennego zieleni z podziałem na roślinność niską i wysoką. Na tej podstawie określano stan i strukturę zieleni w Lublinie oraz przedstawiono możliwości i metodykę wykorzystania danych teledetekcyjnych w badaniach nad roślinnością w obszarze zabudowanym.
This article analyses the accuracy of the presentation of forests on Polish topographic maps. Four test polygons were selected, differing in forest coverage and spatial distribution of forest areas in order to improve the objectivity of the study. All the polygons were located in Roztocze. Four maps were tested: System 1965 (1:50 000), GUGIK80 (1:100 000), PUWG92 (1:10 000), and VMap L2 (1:50 000). The forest areas from the maps and aerial photographs were vectorised; then the photographs were converted into an orthophotomap that constituted the reference material. All materials were coherent in terms of content validity. After vectorising the range of the forests, sampling was conducted within the hexagonal fields. A comparison of the obtained values provided the basis for maps that presented the errors. The analysis permitted several conclusions to be drawn, generally stating that the credibility of maps within the scope of presenting forest areas depends on the scale and purpose of the map, and that any analyses based on these maps should assume that the results should have higher tolerance levels.
The article discuss a thesis stating that the most credible “markers” of peripherality constitute indicators referring to demographic changes, particularly depopulation related to migration, the resulting decrease in the size of population, and consequently changes in the population density. Such an assumption is based on the commonly acknowledged fact that the most intensive depopulation occurs in areas distinguished by low quality and level of life resulting from restricted accessibility and a low level of socio-economic development. The presented hypothesis is verified by analysis of maps presenting demographic changes in Poland after World War II.
The author presents evolution of views on cartographic generalization since it was defined by Emil von Sydow (1866) until today. It is divided into three chapters which present the evolution of views on cartographic generalization, models of generalization and digital generalization, respectively. Views on the topic of generalization evolved in the direction of broadening the term itself and towards a different perception of its nature. Originally generalization was understood as a process which can be performed on maps only. Now the prevailing understanding is that it begins earlier, at the conceptual stage of map making. Determination of the method of contents’ presentation is an indication of such generalization. The character of generalization is another important aspect of the discussion on its nature. The notion of a subjective nature of generalization, expressed, among others, by Max Eckert (1921), was originally predominant. Later there also appeared different opinions, allowing its objectivization (K.A. Saliszczew 1998). This direction helped to result in automation of the process of generalization of map contents. Currently a dualism in perceiving generalization can be observed, with a strong bias towards its objective aspect. In a separate chapter the author discusses conceptual models of generalization proposed by: L. Ratajski (1967, 1973), J. Morrison (1974), B.G. Nickerson (1988), K.E. Brassel and R. Weibel (1988), as well as R.B. McMaster and K.S. Shea (1992). They are divided into the universal models of theoretical character and those constructed for the purpose of computer automation of the process. Attempts at digital generalization which currently develop in the context of generalization of general, and especially topographic maps, are discussed separately. Most important algorithms concerning generalization of linear objects are presented chronologically, concluding with a description of comprehensive generalization systems. The summary presents two main conclusions. Firstly – work on generalization will continue to consider the geographical context during the process. Secondly – generalization of thematic, and especially statistical maps is the prospective direction.
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