Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, known together as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), and celiac disease are the most common disorders affecting not only adults but also children. Both IBDs and celiac disease are associated with oxidative stress, which may play a significant role in their etiologies. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide radicals (O2•—), hydroxyl radicals (•OH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and singlet oxygen (1O2) are responsible for cell death via oxidation of DNA, proteins, lipids, and almost any other cellular constituent. To protect biological systems from free radical toxicity, several cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms exist to regulate the production of ROS, including enzymatic and nonenzymatic pathways. Superoxide dismutase catalyzes the dismutation of O2•— to H2O2 and oxygen. The glutathione redox cycle involves two enzymes: glutathione peroxidase, which uses glutathione to reduce organic peroxides and H2O2; and glutathione reductase, which reduces the oxidized form of glutathione with concomitant oxidation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. In addition to this cycle, GSH can react directly with free radicals. Studies into the effects of free radicals and antioxidant status in patients with IBDs and celiac disease are scarce, especially in pediatric patients. It is therefore very necessary to conduct additional research studies to confirm previous data about ROS status and antioxidant activities in patients with IBDs and celiac disease, especially in children.

IntroductionSurgical intervention in obesity is today the most effective treatment method in high level obesity management. Bariatric interventions not only ensure body weight reduction, but may influence dietary habits.AimTo assess changes in adipose hormones and dietary habits in obese patients after sleeve gastrectomy.Material and methodsThe study set comprised 37 subjects (29 females and 8 males) 24 to 68 years old with body mass index 43.0 ±4.9 kg/m2. Pre-operative examination included baseline measurements of body composition. Dietary habits and intake frequency were monitored by a questionnaire method. Follow-up examinations were carried out in a scope identical to the pre-operative examination, 6 and 12 months after surgery, respectively.ResultsThe average patient weight loss 12 months after surgery was 31.7 kg. Excess weight loss was 55.2 ±20.6%. Patients reported reduced appetite (p < 0.001), increasingly regular food intake (p < 0.001), intake of more meal portions per day (p = 0.003) and a decrease in consuming the largest portions during the afternoon and evening (p = 0.030). Plasma levels of fasting glucose, leptin and ghrelin significantly decreased (p = 0.006; p = 0.0.043); in contrast, the level of adiponectin significantly increased (p < 0.001).ConclusionsSleeve gastrectomy and follow-up nutritional therapy resulted in a significant body weight reduction within 1 year after surgery. An improvement of certain dietary habits in patients was registered. At 12 months after surgery, there were no statistically significant differences in decreases in ghrelin and leptin concentrations between patients without changed appetite and those reporting decreased appetite.

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Key words: Anaesthesia -Interval -Ketamine/xylazine -Pentobarbital -RatHeart rate variability Abstract:The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of ketamine/ xylazine and pentobarbital anaesthesia on heart rate variability as a marker of autonomic nervous system activity. The experiments were performed in ketamine/ xylazine (10 mg/kg/15 mg/kg) and pentobarbital (40 mg/kg, i.p.) anaesthetized female Wistar rats, after adaptation to a light-dark cycle of 12 hours light: 12 hours dark. Heart rate variability parameters (RR interval, power VLF (very low frequency), power LF (low frequency), power HF (high frequency) and relative powers) were evaluated during spontaneous breathing as a function of the light-dark cycle (LD cycle). Significant LD differences were found in the duration of RR intervals in ketamine/xylazine compared with pentobarbital-anaesthetized rats. Correlation analysis revealed moderate dependency between the RR interval duration and HF and LF power parameters in ketamine/xylazine anaesthesia in both light and dark parts of the cycle. In pentobarbital-anaesthetized rats, correlation analysis demonstrated a moderate dependence between RR interval duration and HF and VLF power parameters, but only in the dark part of the LD cycle. Ketamine/xylazine anaesthesia increased parasympathetic activity, and suppressed sympathetic and baroreceptor activity independently of the light-dark cycle. LD differences in RR interval duration were not eliminated. Pentobarbital anaesthesia increased parasympathetic activity, decreased sympathetic and baroreceptor activity, and eliminated LD differences in RR interval duration.

A 24 h rhythm of the ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) was investigated in female Wistar rats under conditions of normal ventilation (NV) (17 animals) and hypoventilation (HV) (10 animals). The animals were adapted to a daily 12:12 h light-dark cycle with the dark period from 18:00 to 06:00 under constant temperature conditions. The experiments were performed in pentobarbital anesthesia (40 mg/kg ip, open chest experiments) during the whole year, and the obtained results were averaged independently of the seasons. During NV, the VFT in female rats showed a significant 24 h rhythm (p < 0.01) with the mesor 2.59 +/- 0.53 mA, amplitude 0.33 +/- 0.11 mA, and acrophase -338 degrees (at 22:53 h) and the confidence intervals from -288 degrees to -7 degrees (from 19:12 to 00:28 h) using the population mean cosinor test. The maximal values of the VFT were measured in the active phase between 24:00 and 03:00 h. During HV, the rhythmicity of the VFT showed a more pronounced biphasic character with a smaller peak between 15:00 h and 18:00 h hours and a higher peak between 24:00 h and 03:00 h of the daily regime. Hypoventilation significantly decreased the VFT (p < 0.001) at each interval of the measurement. It is concluded that the electrical stability of the heart measured by the VFT shows a significant 24 h rhythm in female Wistar rats and that HV decreased the VFT during the whole 24 h period.