The contribution of the antimicrobial activity of sIgA, lactoferrin, α-lactalbumin, serum albumin, and lysozyme to the total antimicrobial activity of serum was evaluated. 66 breast milk samples from healthy women aged from 23 to 45 years collected at different periods of lactation were studied. It was found that as the lactation period increased, not only the total antimicrobial activity (r = - 0.944) decreased, but also the activity of the low molecular weight fraction containing the sum of antimicrobial peptides (r = - 0.950). The median lactoferrin level varied from 3.46 mg/ml in colostrum to 0.94 mg/ml one year after the onset of lactation and correlated with serum activity (r = 0.616). The concentration of sIgA was maximal in the serum of colostrum (5.01 mg/ml) and significantly reduced in mature milk, remaining approximately at the same level in subsequent periods of lactation (1.0 mg/ml). Serum albumin concentration significantly decreased with increase of lactation period (from 5.52 to 4.68 mg/ml) and correlated with serum activity (r = 0.589). Evaluation of the effect of the purified α-lactalbumin on C. albicans cells in the range of 5-20 mg/ ml by spectrophotometry and microscopy showed the absence of fungicidal activity. At the same time, purified lactoferrin, IgA, lysozyme, and serum albumin demonstrated a direct fungicidal effect. The activity of the IgA preparation at a concentration relevant to the sIgA content in the serum of first day colostrum was 50.0%, and in the serum after 12 months - 31.0%; lactoferrin - 26.7% and 3.4%; serum albumin - 15.0% and 17.7%; lysozyme - 0.1% and 1.8%. Thus, the sum of the activities of these polypeptides at concentrations typical for the first-day colostrum was 91.7%, which is comparable to the total activity of this serum - 82.4%. The sum of the activities of these polypeptides, typical for 12 months of lactation, was 53.9%, and the total serum activity relevant to this period was 64.5%. Therefore, IgA and lactoferrin contribute the most significant antimicrobial activity in the serum of colostrum, whereas after 12 months of breastfeeding IgA and serum albumin become most significant.
BackgroundPatients with atopic dermatitis (AD) can develop autoantibodies against intracellular proteins. AD patients often suffer from herpes viruses (HV) infection which complicates the inflammatory process in the skin. The aim of the study was to reveal IgE and IgG antibodies (abs) specific to some skin antigens and to compare their levels with the severity of AD with HV infection in children.MethodsIgE and IgG abs specific to tissue antigens, total IgE, IgE-abs to environmental common allergens as well as IgG abs specific to HV were detected in serum samples by ELISA in 157 AD children.ResultsIgE and IgG antibody production to keratin and elastin was observed in children with AD and elevated proportionally to the severity of AD. IgG – abs to herpes simplex virus was increased in children and associated with the severity of clinical course of AD.ConclusionOur data shown that clinical course of severe AD is accompanied with autoimmune response to epidermal antigens (keratin and elastin). Elevated levels of the autoantibodies, especially against the background of HV infection may be useful serological parameter for monitoring of the disease activity.
Антимикробные пептиды и белки (АМПБ) – это эндогенные соединения, оказывающие прямое противомикробное действие на бактерии, а также на грибы и вирусы. АМПБ являются основным компонентом врожденного иммунитета живых организмов и вырабатываются как эпителиальными клетками (клетки кожи, дыхательных путей, кишечника, мочевыводящих и половых путей), так и клетками иммунной системы, и выделяются в секреторные жидкости. Помимо антимикробной функции АМПБ могут выполнять роль хемоаттрактантов иммунокомпетентных клеток (нейтрофилы, моноциты, Т лимфоциты, дендритные клетки) в очаг воспаления. АМПБ оказывают влияние также на антигенпрезентирующие клетки, модулируя адаптивные T-клеточные иммунные ответы. Из большого количества описанных АМПБ наиболее изученными являются 15 основных классов, которые мы рассматриваем в данном обзоре, включая их локализацию, экспрессию и концентрацию в различных биожидкостях в норме и при патологии.
BackgroundAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic skin disease predominately with the beginning in childhood. One hundred autoantigens and more are capable of binding with autoantibodies in AD patients, including autoantigens with common epitopes of EBV. Aim of study was to reveal IgE- and IgG-autoreactivity to some tissue proteins and IgG-abs to some herpes viruses and to compare the received dates with the severity of AD.MethodsIn the sera of 157 children with AD (from 1 to 17 years old) the levels of IgG- and IgE-abs to keratin, collagen III and VI, elastin, myosin and basic myelin protein were determined in adapted ELISA. The levels of IgG-abs to HSV, CMV and EBV were determined using commercial kit of ELISA. The level of total IgE and IgE-antibodies to allergens were detected using an autoanalyzer.ResultsIn all age groups of patients (with light AD, middle AD and severe AD) elevated levels of total IgE were revealed, especially in children with severe AD (Me = 360 KU/L (80 – 1160); P < 0.05). An increased contents of IgE-abs to keratin (Me = 2.71 ME/mL (1.4–13.69); P < 0.05) and elastin (Me = 2.69 ME/mL (1.4–2.78); P < 0.05) and IgG-abs to keratin (Me = 296.21 μg/mL (127.88–342.01); P < 0.05) were revealed in children with severe AD in comparison with healthy children. Whereas in children with light AD the levels of these antibodies were not significantly increased (P > 0.05), but were being increased in proportion to a severity of AD. We revealed a correlation between the levels of total IgE and the levels of IgE-abs to keratin in children with severe AD (r = 0.35; P < 0.05). In addition we revealed that the levels of IgG-abs to HSV were being increased in proportion to a severity of AD. Maximal increased level of IgG-abs to HSV was in children with severe AD (Me = 2.93 units of OD (0.14–3.15); P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe detection of the elevated levels of the autoantibodies, especially against the background of herpetic infection, amplifies the phenotypic and diagnostic criteria of severity of AD and allows the clinician to choose the most adequate and effective treatment of AD patients.
Over recent decades, a steady increase in the number of allergic diseases has been shown. Current evidence demonstrate a close association between their emergence and exposure to fungal allergens. In this regard, the aim of the present study was to identify frequency and structure of sensitization to the most clinically significant molds in the patients with respiratory allergic diseases. In blood serum of 283 patients with allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma, we determined total IgE and sIgE to the mold allergens: Penicillium notatum, Cladosporium herbarum, Aspergillus fumigatus and Alternaria alternata by the ImmunoCAP method (Phadia, Sweden). Statistical analysis was carried out by nonparametric methods. The total IgE levels (420 (225.5-641) kU/l) were higher (p 0.05) in patients with sensitization to fungal allergens than in general group (296 (129- 530) kU/l). Multiple sensitization to respiratory allergens was revealed in the patients with allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma, and sensitization to fungal allergens was associated with increasingly severe manifestations of the disease. In the patients with fungal allergies, sIgE to Alternaria alternata was most often detected (92.5%), with average level of 3.52 (0.635-19.525) kUA/l. Sixteen patients (40%) were sensitized to Aspergillus fumigatus (0.14 (0.06-0.63) kUA/l). In 19 patients (47.5%), we found increased levels of sIgE to Cladosporium herbarum (0.29 (0.045-1.005) kUA/l). Sensitization to Penicillium notatum was detected in 12 patients (30%), the sIgE levels were 0.125 (0.01-0.5) kUA/l. Detection rates in the total group of fungus-allergic patients with respiratory allergies were as follows: Penicillium notatum, 4.2%; Cladosporium herbarum, 6.7%; Aspergillus fumigatus, 5.6%; Alternaria alternata, 13.07%. We found a significant correlation (p 0.05) between the sIgE contents to different fungal allergens. The levels of IgE antibodies to Alternaria alternata correlated with the levels of sIgE to other fungi (Aspergillus fumigates, r = 0.45; Cladosporium herbarum, r = 0.39; Penicillium notatum, r = 0.39). These findings allow us to suggest that sensitization to Alternaria alternata (13.07%) and Cladosporium herbarum (6.7%) is most common among the patients with allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma, whereas fungal sensitization aggravates clinical course of these diseases. Determination of sIgE to Alternaria alternata can serve as a marker for the presence of potential cross-sensitization to other fungal allergens, i.e., Aspergillus fumigatus, Cladosporium herbarum, and Penicillium notatum.
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