Background:Dental and medical practitioners encounter wide spectrum of oral lesions in their day-to-day practice. Many of the lesions such as leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), etc., are associated with tobacco and betel nut chewing. Oral leukoplakia, OSF, oral lichen planus and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are the most commonly occurring oral diseases associated with characteristic clinical and histological features and are associated with chronic inflammation at some stage of the disease process.Aims:To study and compare the number, morphology and topographical distribution of mast cells in oral epithelial dysplasia (OED), OSF and OSCC and to correlate different types of mast cells with the inflammatory infiltrate and vascularity of the lesions.Materials and Methods:Total number of subjects was 120 and equally divided into four groups of 30 as controls, OED, OSF and OSCC cases. Two sections of from each tissue embedded in paraffin wax block were made which were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and toluidine blue stain. Mast cells were counted in five different zones.Results:In the present study, increased numbers of mast cells were seen in all lesions. The cases with mild, moderate and severe inflammation showed increased number of typical (TMCs), atypical (AMCs) and granular mast cells (GMCs), respectively.Conclusion:The result of the present study concludes that the mast cells play a key role in mediating the cross links between external angiogenic agent and local immunologic factors.
Background:Significant increase in cell proliferation and vascularity occurs during the transition from normal oral mucosa through differing degrees of dysplasia to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).Aims:To evaluate the cell proliferation and vascularity in potentially malignant disorders and OSCC.Settings and Design:Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and CD34 were quantified immunohistochemically (IHC) using anti-PCNA, anti-VEGF and anti-CD34 antibody.Materials and Methods:A total of 60 archival specimens included 10 oral lichen planus, 10 oral leukoplakia, 10 oral submucous fibrosis and 30 OSCC (well differentiated, moderately differentiated and poorly differentiated), and also, 10 normal oral mucosa as control group were taken. PCNA, VEGF and CD34 expression was assessed in relation to the localization and area of IHC-stained cells.Statistical Analysis:One-way analysis of variance test and post hoc least significant difference test were assessed for statistical significance.Results:Cell proliferation and vascularity appeared to increase gradually with disease progression.Conclusion:Upregulation of cell proliferation and vascularity indicates their possible role in malignant transformation of potentially malignant disorders.
Background: Oral cancer is one of the life threatening disease which requires an availability of a biomarker for its early detection and also for effective treatment strategies. The current study is done to evaluate the efficacy of one such biomarker i.e. TNF-α as an indicator for oral precancer and oral cancer. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of Tumour necrosis factor -alpha (TNF)-α as a salivary biomarker in histopathologically diagnosed cases of oral leukoplakia and Oral squamous cell carcinoma. To correlate the levels of TNF-α with varying histologic grading in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and dysplasia grading in Oral leukoplakia or Hyperkeratosis. Materials and Methods: The study group included 90 subjects that were divided into three groups. OSCC (n=30), leukoplakia (n=30) and controls (n=30). Cases were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study. Salivary samples were then collected from all three groups. Salivary levels of TNF-α were estimated using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The data on concentration gradients obtained were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. Results: The results of the present study demonstrated higher levels of salivary TNF-α in individuals with OSCC compared to leukoplakia and healthy control subjects with a high level of statistical significance. ROC curve analysis along with diagnostic parameter calculation also revealed that salivary TNF-α to be a better medium for detecting OSCC. There is also an increase in the salivary TNF-α levels with increase in the histological grade of differentiation in OSCC as well as leukoplakia. Conclusion: The present study concludes that salivary TNF -α can be used as a prognostic biomarker of OSCC. In view of the elevated levels of TNF -α in saliva of individuals with severe dysplasia, it can also be used to monitor the malignant transformation to leukoplakia to OSCC.
The preservation of tissue by honey giving superior result when compared to that of formalin. Olive oil was found to be effective clearing agent compared to xylene.
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