Resumo: A posição da vagem na haste da planta constitui um dos vários fatores que influenciam a composição química dos grãos de soja. A interferência no conteúdo final de proteína e óleo pode resultar em erros de quantificação durante o processo de amostragem, importante em programas de melhoramento. Objetivou-se com este trabalho estudar o efeito da posição das vagens na planta no teor de óleo e proteína em cultivares de soja desenvolvidas para as condições de baixa latitude. Foram instalados dois experimentos na área experimental da Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), no município de Palmas -TO. O delineamento experimental utilizado em cada experimento (ano agrícola) foi de blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo alocados nas parcelas 15 cultivares de soja; e nas subparcelas o posicionamento das vagens na haste da planta. Houve diferenças significativas para os teores de proteína e óleo entre as cultivares, bem como nas diferentes partes da planta. Os mais altos teores de proteína foram observados no terço superior, e os mais altos teores de óleo no terço médio e inferior. Assim, recomenda-se que o processo de amostragem de grãos, visando a seleção de cultivares superiores, seja realizado na mesma posição das plantas, a fim de reduzir os erros de quantificação dos teores de proteína e óleo, pelo efeito da posição das vagens. Palavras-chave: Melhoramento genético. Cultivares. Leguminosas. Glycine max.Abstract: The position of the pod on the plant stem is one of several factors that influence the chemical composition of soybean grain. Interference in the final levels of protein and oil can result in errors of quantification during the sampling process, important in breeding programs. The aim of this work was to study the effect of pod position on oil and protein levels in soybean cultivars developed for low-latitude conditions. Two experiments were installed in the experimental area of the Federal University of Tocantins (UFT) in the city of Palmas, in the State of Tocantins, Brazil (TO). The experimental design used in each experiment (agricultural year) was of randomised blocks with three replications. The treatments were arranged into split lots, with 15 soybean cultivars allocated to the lots, and pod placement on the plant stem allocated to the sub-lots. There were significant differences in protein and oil content between cultivars, as well as from the different parts of the plant. The highest protein content was seen on the upper third of the stem, and the highest oil content on the middle and lower third. It is recommended therefore that, in order to select superior cultivars, the grain sampling procedure always be carried out on the same part of the plant, so as to reduce errors of quantification of the protein and oil content as a result of the position of the pods.

No abstract

Com o intuito de estudar o efeito da posição das vagens quanto ao teor de óleo dos grãos, foi realizado, no ano agrícola 2010/11, um ensaio com cultivares de soja na área experimental da Universidade Federal do Tocantins, em Palmas-TO. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, com 30 tratamentos e três repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em um esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo alocadas, nas parcelas, dez cultivares, e nas subparcelas, o posicionamento das vagens na planta (terço inferior, terço médio e terço superior). As cultivares estudadas apresentaram média de teor de óleo de 23,8, 21,5 e 19,4%, respectivamente, para os terços inferior, médio e superior da planta. As cultivares BRS Valiosa e P98Y51 apresentaram os maiores teores de óleo para todas as posições. Na amostragem de grãos para a quantificação do teor de óleo das cultivares, recomenda-se utilizar grãos de vagens oriundos da mesma posição da planta.

Java plum (Syzygium cumini L. Skeels) originates from Asia and has adapted very well to soil conditions and climate in Brazil, becoming spontaneous in the Northeast region. Still, there is no large commercial production in the country, since information related to planting, plant management, post-harvest management, and fruit processing is limited and vague. The production of quality seedlings depends on several factors, and the composition of the substrates is a factor of great importance, because the germination of the seeds, the beginning of the roots and the rooting are directly linked to the constitution of the substrate. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the Tocantins, at a city of Gurupi/TO. For this, Java plum seeds were used directly removed from the fruits, which were collected in the same period. The substrates used were: Washed Sand; Black Soil; Black Soil + Worm Humus + Commercial Substrate and Commercial Substrate + Washed Sand + Pine Bark, in the presence and absence of mucilage. The highest values of root length and length of shoot, in the presence and absence of mucilage, were obtained in the substrates of BS (10 and 13 cm) (8.7 and 9.3 cm), BS + WH + CS (9.3 and 12.4 cm) (8.2 and 9.5 cm) and CS + WS + PB (9 and 11 cm) (8.6 and 10.6 cm), respectively. Regarding the first emergency count and seedling emergence, once again the CS + WS + PB (20 and 56.2%) (51.2 and 90%), in the presence and absence of mucilage, respectively. It was concluded that the removal of the mucilage in Java plum seeds provided better performance in all substratum and the commercial substrate + washed sand + pine bark provided greater viability and vigor.

O presente trabalho objetivou caracterizar os parâmetros de Sólidos Solúveis (SS), Acidez Titulável (AT), pH, e o ratio em bananas desidratadas por secagem natural com dois tratamentos: F1-Bananas pré-tratadas em solução osmótica de sacarose a 10% e F2-Controle. Os dados foram submetidos a um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizados, com dois tratamentos (F1 e F2) e 10 repetições. As bananas permaneceram expostas à secagem por um período de aproximadamente 96 horas para atingir a umidade média final em ambos tratamentos de 32%. Na análise dos resultados foi verificado diferenças significativas entre os dois tratamentos para todas as variáveis analisadas, sendo valores de SS (28,98) e ratio (21,60) com maior média para F1 e os valores pH (5,15) e AT (1,51%) com maior média para F2. A secagem em temperatura ambiente demonstra ser uma alternativa viável por manter a qualidade da fruta, bem como a facilidade da sua inserção em comunidades de baixa renda por ser um método barato e simples.

No abstract

Nematodes can damage and cause significant suppression in soybean productivity (Glycine max) directly because of their migration and feeding activities, or indirectly as partners in disease complexes with other organisms. Several cultural practices have been investigated as possible management strategies for nematodes, including manipulation of planting season, soil preparation, and cultivars with higher resistance levels than currently available. This literature review shows that gall nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) significantly reduce soybean productivity [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the Brazilian cerrado. The most important pathogenic nematodes of soybean, worldwide, are the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, and some of the gall nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. Currently, different management methods are necessary, being chemical, biological, and cultural to obtain maximum efficiency in the control of this pest.

The use of new methods may facilitate the production of seedlings for reforestation since the seed market is scarce and seedlings take time to be produced. The Earpod tree is a native species that can be used for the floristic recomposition of the biome and  with the possibility of using wood for commercial purposes. In this sense, the present work aimed to evaluate different methods of overcoming dormancy of the Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong. Seven treatments were performed with 5 replications: T0: control, T1: mechanical scarification with a rasp, T2: mechanical scarification with welding electric appliance, T3: mechanical scarification with cutting pliers, T4 y T5: chemical scarification with sodium hydroxide 30% for 25 minutes and 30 minutes, respectively, and T6: immersion in 100°C water for 7 minutes. The following variables were evaluated: percentage of emergence, emergence speed index (ESI), the height of seedlings, number of leaves per seedling, stem diameter, and length of a root system. The mechanical scarification method with cutting pliers was the most efficient, with an emergence percentage of 96% and plant emergence speed indexes of 9.79. The treatments, chemical scarification with sodium hydroxide 30% for 30 and 25 minutes, and control showed low efficiency in overcoming dormancy, with an emergence percentage of 2, 6, and 4% and emergence rates of 0.14, 0.37 and 0.24.